<p>The Dutchess County Courthouse is located at 10 Market Street in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. Built in 1903, it is the third county courthouse to stand on that site.</p><br>
<p>The first was authorized by the provincial assembly in 1717 and built in 1720, and would host New York&#39;s debate on ratifying the USA Constitution during the brief period when Poughkeepsie served as the state capital in 1788. It was destroyed in an 1806 fire. Three years later the state legislature appropriated funds for a new one, which stood for almost a century. An early tenant beside the courts was brewer Matthew Vassar, later founder of Vassar College, who ran an alehouse and oyster bar in the basement.</p><br>
<p>It was replaced by the current building, a four-story Classical Revival designed by local architect William J. Beardsley. Faced with red brick, the half-million dollar structure featured Palladian windows in the second and fifth-story center bays with stucco decoration above. It opened and was dedicated just before the end of 1903.</p><br>
<p>Later alterations were made under the direction of Charles Cooke, who designed the nearby offices of the Poughkeepsie Journal. The buildings cornice is the only element that has been significantly changed from the original design. It has also been joined to the Poughkeepsie Trust Company building to its immediate east on Main Street, which serves as the district attorneys offices.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Today, it houses judges chambers and clerks offices as well as courtrooms. Most of the courts lesser functions, such as property recordkeeping, have been moved to an annex next door, built in the 1960s. In the late 1990s, it was the venue for former Dutchess assistant district attorney Stephen Pagoness defamation suit against Al Sharpton, C. Vernon Mason and Alton Maddox over allegations they made against him during the Tawana Brawley affair.</p><br>
<p>St. Marks Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located at 6-8 Highland Street in Ashland, New Hampshire, in the United States. Organized in 1855, it is part of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire. Its building, completed in 1859, was designed by New York City architect J. Coleman Hart, and is one of the regions most distinctive churches, having a Gothic Revival design built out of half-timbered brick. On December 13, 1984, the church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The current pastor is Rev. Tobias Nyatsambo.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s is located in the village center of Ashland, on the east side of Highland Street just south of the town hall. It is a single-story building, its exterior consisting of half-timber framing filled with brick usually laid in stretcher bond, and set on a granite foundation. Stained glass windows are set in their own panel sections, and have cinquefoil arched heads and beveled surrounds. To the southeast of the main block stands a tower with an open belfry, which is topped by a hip roof that transitions into an octagonal steeple shingled with fishscale wood shingles.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal congregation in Ashland was established in 1855, and originally met in the towns union church. Planning for construction of this building began in 1857, and the first services were held on Christmas Day, 1859. It was formally consecrated in 1853, when its construction debts were paid off. The building was designed by J. Coleman Hart, an architect from New York City about whom little is known. The design is a high quality and distinctive example of Gothic Revival architecture, unusual for its use of brick and timber instead of either stone or wood framing. The building is the only known church in New Hampshires Lakes Region built in this style. The accompanying parish house, built in 1899, is a good example of Shingle style architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Interurban Bridge, also known as the Ohio Electric Railroad Bridge. is a historic interurban railway reinforced concrete multiple arch bridge built in 1908 to span the Maumee River joining Lucas and Wood counties near Waterville, Ohio. The span was once the worlds largest earth-filled reinforced concrete bridge. One of the bridges supports rests on the Roche de Boeuf, a historic Indian council rock, which was partially destroyed by the bridge&#39;s construction. The bridge, which is no longer in use, is a popular subject for photographers and painters, who view it from Farnsworth Metropark.</p><br>
<h2>Builder Lima-Toledo Traction</h2><br>
<p>The bridge has been abandoned for many years. It was constructed by the Lima-Toledo Traction company, an early 1900s interurban trolley line that ran primarily adjacent to the Baltimore and Ohio steam railroad from Toledo to Lima and from there south to Springfield on a connecting interurban line, the Dayton, Springfield, and Urbana. Many Ohio interurban lines struggled financially from inception. In an attempt to create operational efficiency under one management, the L-T along with other Ohio interurbans was brought under lease control of the Ohio Electric corporation to form one large widespread Ohio interurban network. All equipment was relettered and operated as the Ohio Electric. Financially the consolidation didn&#39;t work, and when the OE went bankrupt in 1921, the L-T returned to its former owners and operated as the Lima-Toledo Railroad. It continued interurban service between Toledo and Lima using its essential long bridge over the wide Maumee River.</p><br>
<h2>Final railway use by the Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad</h2><br>
<p>In 1929, two adjacent Ohio interurbans (the Cincinnati Hamilton and Dayton, and the Indiana, Columbus and Eastern) combined with the Lima-Toledo to form the 323 mile long Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad to establish interurban service from Toledo to distant Cincinnati. A branch operated from Springfield to Ohio&#39;s capital Columbus. The corporate goal was to increase passenger business and particularly interurban freight business in this heavily industrialized part of Ohio. From 1929 to 1930, the C&LE borrowed heavily to rebuild track and purchase new passenger and freight equipment in order to provide high speed operation between its major cities of Toledo, Lima, Springfield, Dayton, and Cincinnati. Starting at 1930, the C&LE was successful and business increased particularly with freight shipments, but the collapsing national and local economy in the following years due to the Great Depression, numerous floods requiring very expensive track and facility reconstruction, competition from newly paved state highways carrying growing automobile and truck competition steadily reduced revenue and forced C&LE abandonment in 1937. This was the last year that the Interurban Bridge saw rail traffic. On June 19, 1972, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<h2>Reference and notes</h2><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Keenan, Jack: The Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad: The Great Ohio Interurban. 1974. pp 226. Golden West Books, San Marino, Calif</p><br>
<p>Middleton, Wm D: The Interurban Era. pp 330; 1962, Kalmbach Publishing. Milwaukee, WI.</p><br>
<p>Middleton, Wm D: The Last Interurbans. Central Electric Railfans Association, Chicago, IL.</p><br>
<p>Professor George Hilton: 1957. The Interurban Electric Railway in America. Stanford Univ Press, California.</p><br>
<p>Rowsome, Frank: Trolley Car Treasury, pp 209, Bonanza Books, New York, New York.</p><br>
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<p><coord>41.486389,-83.728333</coord></p><br>
<p>The Long Beach Professional Building is a historic medical office building in downtown Long Beach, California added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The eight-story Art Deco two-part vertical block building with its pink and black lobby was built in 1929. It was designed by architect William Douglas Lee. It is particularly notable as the city&#39;s first large office building devoted exclusively to medicine. It is a cast-in-place concrete building.</p><br>
<p>It is also credited for introducing elements commonly found in the so-called "WPA Moderne" style of the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>In 2018 the building was re-opened by owners, Global Premier Development, and now operates under the name as an Assisted Living and Memory Care facility run by Meridian Senior Living.</p><br>
<p>was responsible for the historic renovation.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank  building in downtown Long Beach, California is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The original bank building had three stories, which were surpassed in 1906 with the current building, designed by Los Angeles architects Robert F. Train and Robert E. Williams. The distinctive clock tower with its six-foot-diameter clock face was added in 1907. The structure was designed in a French Renaissance Revival style utilizing pressed yellow brick on the street sides and common red brick on the remaining two sides.</p><br>
<p>A number of bank tenants have occupied the building, including (in order):</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank of Long Beach (5456) (1906-1925)</p><br>
<p>The California National Bank of Long Beach (11873) (1925-1929)</p><br>
<p>California First National Bank of Long Beach (11873) (1929-1936)</p><br>
<p>Bank of America, National Trust & Savings Association (13044) 1936 to sometime in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s, many of the original decorative elements such as the decorative cornice were removed or covered as part of modernizations efforts. In the 1980s, federal tax incentives motivated a project to restore the building to its original look and to repair the clock tower. Today, the ground floor of the building has housed L&#39;Opera Ristorante since 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Boston–Edison Historic District is a neighborhood located in Detroit, Michigan. It consists of over 900 homes built on four east-west streets: West Boston Boulevard, Chicago Boulevard, Longfellow Avenue and Edison Avenue, stretching from Woodward Avenue in the east to Linwood Avenue in the west. It is one of the largest residential historic districts in the nation. and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A substantial number of prominent Detroiters have lived in the neighborhood. Notable residents have included labor leader Walter P. Reuther, Rabbi Morris Adler, Detroit Tigers Harry Heilmann, Dizzy Trout, Michigan Supreme Court justices Franz C. Kuhn and Henry Butzel, USA Representative Vincent M. Brennan, Michigan governor Harry Kelly, boxer Joe Louis, druggist Sidney Barthwell, Congressman Charles C. Diggs Jr., Congressman George D. O&#39;Brien, Motown record label founder Berry Gordy, Detroit Tiger Willie Horton, and dentist and pioneering WCHB radio station owner Wendell F. Cox.</p><br>
<p>The District boasts the city&#39;s oldest continuous neighborhood association, the Historic Boston–Edison Association, which was founded in 1921. The District received historic designation from the Michigan State Historic Preservation Office in 1973, the Detroit Historic District Commission in 1974, and the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>According to the 2000 Census data (which includes the surrounding streets of Atkinson, Clairmount, and Glynn Court) show Boston–Edison has both Black and White residents. The homes are owned by people from diverse occupations and professions.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land now within the boundaries of Boston–Edison was first owned by John R. Williams (who was granted a single parcel in 1822) and Thomas Palmer (who was granted three parcels in 1828 and 1832). These original four grants were transferred from owner to owner over the next fifty years until they were obtained by the Joy family, the Newberry family, and Edward W. Voigt.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, Voigt, foreseeing the growth of Detroit northward, platted the Voigt Park subdivision, consisting of seven east–west streets from Woodward and Hamilton: Calvert Avenue, Glynn Court, Schiller Esplanade, Shakespeare Esplanade, Longfellow Avenue, Edison Avenue, and Atkinson Avenue. Four of these streets—Schiller Esplanade (now Boston Boulevard), Shakespeare Esplanade (now Chicago Boulevard), Edison Avenue and Longfellow Avenue—formed the Boston–Edison neighborhood. The original location of the neighborhood park was originally to have been between Chicago and Boston Boulevards, but was later changed to be situated between Longfellow and Edison Avenues.</p><br>
<p>The Voigt Park subdivision was immediately incorporated into the City of Detroit. Voigt platted spacious lots and set building restrictions that established the unique character of the neighborhood. In 1915, Henry B. Joy platted the Joy Farms Subdivision between 12th Street and Linwood. Both of these subdivisions were annexed by the City of Detroit by 1915.</p><br>
<p>The first homes built in the Boston–Edison Historic District were occupied starting in 1905, with the majority of the homes built between 1905 and 1925. Each of the homes in the neighborhood is unique. Although the homes are unique in style, homes along the streetscape are generally exhibit uniformity in roofline, scale, setback from the street, and the materials used, including stone, brick or wood construction. This uniformity creates a gracious suburban ambiance.</p><br>
<h3>Original residents</h3><br>
<p>One of the earliest residents of the Boston-Edison neighborhood, Henry Ford, Ford and his wife, Clara, moved in the next year, residing in the neighborhood until 1915, when they moved to Fair Lane, their estate in Dearborn. During the time that Ford lived in Boston–Edison, his introduction of the Model T, mass production methods, and wage-price theories revolutionized American industry. Henry Ford built a machine shop above the garage, situated behind the house for his son Edsel to support and encourage Edsel&#39;s interest in automobile design. A historical marker issued by the State of Michigan, describing the history and significance of the home, is located on the front lawn.</p><br>
<p>Henry Ford was only the first of many automotive pioneers to live in the Boston–Edison neighborhood. and Alexander Y. Malcomson, lived in the adjoining Arden Park-East Boston neighborhood.) They were followed by other early and important Ford collaborators such as Peter E. Martin, C. Harold Wills, and Clarence W. Avery. In addition, other pioneers in the early automobile industry such as Walter Briggs Sr. of Briggs Manufacturing Co, four of the Fisher brothers (of Fisher Body), Charles Lambert of Regal Motor Car Co., John W. Drake from Hupp Motor Car Co., and William E. Metzger from Cadillac and E-M-F. likewise built homes in Boston–Edison.</p><br>
<p>Other prominent Detroit businessmen lived in Boston–Edison neighborhood during the early years of the neighborhood, including Sebastian S. Kresge (founder of the S.S. Kresge Company—later Kmart), Benjamin Siegel (founder of a major early clothing store), and J. L. Webber (nephew of J. L. Hudson). Additional notable early residents included conductor Ossip Gabrilowitsch and his wife Clara Clemens, Detroit Tigers owner Frank Navin, Detroit Tigers player Ty Cobb (who lived on nearby Atkinson Avenue at Third), historian Clarence M. Burton, and Rabbi Leo M. Franklin.</p><br>
<p>In the early history of Boston–Edison, three factors influenced the character of the community. The first factor was the tendency for employees and business associates to live in a cluster, similar to early associates of Henry Ford did. In addition, six employees of S.S. Kresge lived in the neighborhood. The second factor was the tendency of several family members to live in close range. In addition to the four Fisher brothers (a fifth brother, Frederic, lived in the adjacent Arden Park-East Boston neighborhood), a number of Benjamin Siegels relatives lived in the neighborhood, as did a number of Wagner family members (owners of Wagners bakery). The third factor was the construction of Henry Ford Hospital in 1915, only a mile south of the neighborhood. Twenty-three physicians built homes in Boston–Edison.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Residents are zoned to schools in the Detroit Public Schools district. Durfee K-8, Loving and Thirkell elementary schools serve separate sections of the neighborhood. All of Boston–Edison is zoned to Durfee K-8 for middle school. All residents are zoned to Central High School.</p><br>
<p>In the past, portions of Boston–Edison were served by Hutchins Middle School.</p><br>
<p>The Thaddeus Hait Farm is located on Allhusen Road near the hamlet of Modena in the town of Plattekill, New York, United States. It is a 142 acre property on both sides of the road consisting of 15 contributing properties in two distinct groups, together comprising a mostly intact early 19th-century family farm still used for that purpose today.</p><br>
<p>Hait, a member of a prosperous Westchester County family, bought the original 97 acres (39 ha) in 1819. At the time the road was the busy Milton Turnpike, carrying much traffic from distilleries. Over the next nine years, he built the farm up with purchases adding 35 acre, setting it into its present form. His grandson sold it in 1888. Two other owners later, in 1906, the Allhusen family after whom the road was renamed bought it for dairy farming and kept it until 1973. After some more transitional owners, it came to the Adairs, who returned to the property&#39;s roots by going into winemaking. Today, Adair Vineyards produces 20,000 bottles annually of Seyval blanc, Vignoles, Foch and Millot, on 100 acres (40 ha). Their tasting facility is on the south side of the road east of the house.</p><br>
<p>The main house, on the road a short distance from the Shuart-Van Orden Stone House, is a Federal style home built around 1825 from a mix of wood and stone, an unusual combination in that style. A frame extension of the west wing was added in the late 19th century. Originally the front was sided in clapboard with a cornice and frieze; that was replaced with cedar in the 1950s. The interior retains much of the original molding. Near the house are ancillary agricultural structures, such as a stone barn (an unusual material for the area) that appears to have built around the same time as the house, a later wood barn of an identical configuration as the first.</p><br>
<p>The other group, south of the road, is centered on a New World Dutch barn, older than the main house. Originally constructed, like other Dutch barns, for wheat farming, it was adapted for winemaking around 1986. Its outbuildings include a smokehouse, icehouse and 1873 granary. An outhouse dates to the early 20th century. There is also the remains of a foundation of a late 18th or early 19th-century stone house and a well that served it.</p><br>
<p>The Little Loomhouse is a place on the National Register of Historic Places in the Kenwood Hill neighborhood on the south side of Louisville, Kentucky. It consists of three cabins constructed between 1870 and 1896: Esta Cabin, Tophouse, and Wisteria Cabin. It not only displays weavings, but has active education and resident artist programs. The organization participates in several local festivals, giving demonstrations of spinning, dyeing, and weaving. It is the biggest repository of original and classic textile patterns in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Among the history of the cabins have been the visits of past First Ladies of the United States, and the composition of the song "Happy Birthday to You".</p><br>
<h2>Esta Cabin</h2><br>
<p>The Esta Cabin encapsulates the history of the Loomhouse, and is the cabin where the song "Happy Birthday to You" was first sung. Displays of weaving decorate the interior.</p><br>
<h2>Other cabins</h2><br>
<p>Wisteria, which houses the office and giftshop, was built in 1895 and similarly became endangered. In fact, it had to be closed for years due to erosion damage; in 1986, Jefferson County Judge/Executive Harvey Sloane helped in a rededication ceremony celebrating the restoration of the cabin.</p><br>
<p>The Tophouse was built as a summer home for the well-to-do Sam Stone Bush in 1896. It was made of oak harvested from the hill upon which it stands. It was acquired by Tate in 1939 for using her looms. Since that time it has been used for looms, save during World War II when supplies dwindled, and she rented out the cabin for both funding and providing a defense worker&#39;s family a place to live. Although endangered by development in the 1960s and 1970s, it still stands today as the home of the looms from which the Little Loomhouse gains its name, and where weaving is still taught.</p><br>
<h2>Collective history</h2><br>
<p>For many years the Loomhouse has sold a small portable table loom designed by First Lady Lou Henry Hoover, wife of President Herbert Hoover.</p><br>
<p>In his 1948 visit to Louisville, Frank Lloyd Wright praised both the cabins and the setting. In 1940, he described it as "board-and-batten summer houses, set down in the dignity of nature".</p><br>
<p>By 2007, the cabins were deteriorating. Stefanie Buzan wrote in a book about the site that, "They werent built to last this long." Problems include tree trimming, sagging floors, and preventing the cabins from falling down the side of Kenwood Hill by using reinforcements. It was hoped that a second edition of Buzans book would raise funds for needed repairs, as the money made normally by the Loomhouse was not enough for the needed repairs.</p><br>
<p>The Old Marengo County Courthouse, built in 1850, is a Greek Revival courthouse building located in Linden, Alabama, USA It was the third building to serve as the courthouse for Marengo County, Alabama, out of a total of five purpose-built courthouses. The courthouse was the site of a notable event on 9 October 1890 when nationally infamous train-robber and outlaw Reuben Houston "Rube" Burrow was shot and killed in the street in front of the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Marengo became a county in 1818, the first building to serve as a courthouse was a simple one-room log cabin. This was too small to meet the needs of the county and on 25 May 1825 the county commissioners met and resolved to have a new two-story structure built on Cahaba Avenue, Linden&#39;s business district at that time. This second courthouse was finished in 1827 and was used until it burned in 1848. This saw the construction of the third building in 1850, on the site of the old. The new building would serve as the courthouse continuously, except for a brief period during Federal Reconstruction when the county seat was moved to Demopolis, until 1902.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, the county commissioners decided that a much larger courthouse was needed. They also decided that a better location was needed, as the business district of Linden had shifted to a location about a mile to the southeast. A new three-story Richardsonian Romanesque style courthouse with a five-story clock tower was then built at the corner of North Main Street and East Coats Avenue, leaving the old courthouse for use as a public school. In 1915 the building was purchased by the Missionary Society of Linden Baptist Church, for use as a church. In 1949 the building was sold to the Veterans of Foreign Wars organization for use as a meeting hall. From the 1960s until the present the building has sat largely empty and unused.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Indiana Railroad Freighthouse, located in Seymour, Indiana, has since January 2008 served as the Jackson County Visitor Center, for Jackson County, Indiana. This freight house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 2003.</p><br>
<p>Three separate railroads once used the facilities here. These railroads included the Jeffersonville Railroad and the Ohio and Mississippi Line. These facilities included a roundhouse repair shop, the Adams Express Company, and access to interurbans. A passenger depot located next to the freighthouse has been demolished. The Freighthouse has display detailing the history of railroads in Jackson County.</p><br>
<p>The Freighthouse is a block east of the Seymour Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The W.H. Stark House is a fully restored, 14,000 ft&sup2; Victorian home located on the corner between Green Avenue and Sixth Street in Orange, Texas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The W.H. Stark House was home to William Henry and Miriam Lutcher Stark, who spent a lifetime collecting rare and unique decorative objects. Miriam Melissa Lutcher moved to Orange with her parents, Henry Jacob Lutcher and Frances Ann Lutcher, in the late 1870s. Henry Jacob Lutcher was co-owner of the Lutcher and Moore Lumber Company. He and his wife Frances began a philanthropic dynasty that continues to benefit the Orange community today.</p><br>
<p>In 1881 Miriam M. Lutcher married William Henry Stark, who made his fortune in banking, oil, rice, insurance, and the regional timber industry. They moved into their home in 1894 and occupied it until 1936. They were passionate collectors. Their son H.J. Lutcher Stark grew up influenced by their lifetime dedication to philanthropy and the arts.</p><br>
<p>When the Stark family moved into their new home, W.H. Stark was forty-three, Miriam was thirty-five, and their son Lutcher was seven. They were the only family to inhabit the house. When W.H. and Miriam Stark died in 1936, Lutcher Stark closed the house. It was vacant until 1970 when restoration began. Restoration to the era of 1894 continued for ten years, and the house was opened as a house museum for public tours on February 10, 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and decorative highlights</h2><br>
<p>Construction on The W.H. Stark House began on June 29, 1893, with completion in 1894. The house is classified in the Queen Anne architectural style, which is characterized by long sloping roofs, second floor balconies, Jacobean chimneys, wide verandas, and octagonal or round towers.</p><br>
<p>Interior ceilings are 12 ft high on the first floor, 11 ft high on the second floor, and 10 ½ feet (3.2 m) high on the third floor. Exterior walls are ten inches (25 cm) thick, with two layers of diagonal storm sheeting. Interior double walls are sixteen inches (41 cm) thick. The floor plan is duplicated on two of the three stories, and includes a concrete basement, which is unique in Southeast Texas.</p><br>
<p>Cypress was chosen as the basic material because of the damp conditions in the area. Longleaf yellow pine was used for the intricate design work. Turned pieces were formed on a foot-operated machine lathe, and each board had to be cut and measured for a precise fit. All framework was selected from the Lutcher and Moore Lumber Mills.</p><br>
<p>The 14,000 ft&sup2; home today is furnished much as it was in the 1920s, with fifteen rooms and three stories of original family furniture, carpets, silver, antique porcelains, and American Brilliant Period cut glass. The ceiling in the Music Room is oil painted on canvas by artist E. Theo Behr; it features an allegorical scene with cherubs. The house also holds many unique objects, including a one-of-a-kind sterling silver Gorham Manufacturing Company tea service in the Louis XVI style, a rare copy of the Napoleon death mask, and decorative silver and china.</p><br>
<p>The W.H. Stark House is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and is designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark by the Texas Historical Commission.</p><br>
<h2>The Nelda C. and H.J. Lutcher Stark Foundation</h2><br>
<p>The W.H. Stark House is owned and operated by the Nelda C. and H.J. Lutcher Stark Foundation, a private, non-profit foundation established in 1961 in Orange, Texas. It aims to improve the quality of life in Southeast Texas by encouraging, promoting, and assisting education, the arts, and health and human services. It carries out its mission through the Stark Museum of Art, The W.H. Stark House, Shangri La Botanical Gardens and Nature Center, and Lutcher Theater. These programs offer the community a rich resource for study and enjoyment of arts, history, nature and culture.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>Lutcher Stark died in 1965 leaving a $73 million fortune behind to his third wife Nelda and the Nelda C. and H.J. Lutcher Stark Foundation. The Stark family was unhappy with his decision and in 1987 hired Houston attorney Michael Gallagher. He was able to ascertain that Lutcher Stark committed fraud by undervaluing his first wife Nitas estate to get out of paying death taxes. Despite Gallaghers attempts, the case never went anywhere.</p><br>
<p>Nelda Stark died in 1999 and left $150 million to the Stark Foundation. Heirs from one of two adopted sons of Lutcher Stark and his first wife Nita, hired Louisiana attorney L. Clayton Burgess. There was question about Judge Buddie. J. Hahn, who presided over the 1989 case, and his ability to be impartial. Burgess was able to show a connection between Hahn and one of Nelda&#39;s lawyers. There was also proof that the Stark Foundation gave $673,000 to a college where Hahn sat on the board.</p><br>
<p>Attorney John Cash Smith represented the Nelda Stark estate and dismissed the charges. He cited a Texas Supreme Court ruling that held a settlement is valid despite later fraud claims.</p><br>
<p>The Wagoner Armory, also known as National Guard Armory, was built in 1938 by the Works Progress Administration in order to make jobs for unemployed workers in the area. The Oklahoma National Guard used the building since it was built, until it was abandoned along with 58 other armories in the state of Oklahoma after they were ordered to be closed in 2006 by the federal Base Realignment and Closure Commission.</p><br>
<p>The Wagoner Armory, like many other armories, was contaminated with lead from bullets fired in their underground rifle ranges and from asbestos. The Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality cleaned the facility up as part of its Site Cleanup Assistance Program.</p><br>
<p>The municipal government of Wagoner, Oklahoma took over ownership on October 22, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The city is not exactly sure what their plans are for the armory but they are thinking about letting different groups use it, such as some senior citizen groups.</p><br>
<p>Hildene, the Lincoln Family Home is the former summer home of Robert Todd Lincoln and his wife Mary Harlan Lincoln, located at 1005 Hildene Road in Manchester Center, Vermont.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Robert Todd Lincoln was the eldest of the four sons of President Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln, and the only one of them to survive into adulthood. He first visited Manchester Center, Vermont at age 20 in the summer of 1863 when he, his brother Tad, and their mother stayed at the nearby Equinox House to escape the heat of Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Hildene remained occupied by descendants of the Lincoln family until 1975, when the next to last descendant of the Lincoln-Harlan family, Mary Lincoln Beckwith, granddaughter of Robert and Mary and daughter of Jessie and Warren Wallace Beckwith, died there. In 1978 the non-profit organization, the Friends of Hildene, purchased the property and began restoration of the house, outbuildings and gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>The name Hildene is from the old English words meaning "hill" and "valley with stream". Completed in 1905 in the Georgian Revival style, the house is located on a 300 ft promontory overlooking the Battenkill Valley. Approximately half of the 412 acre estate is located at the lower level of the valley and includes meadows and wetlands. A formal garden in the form of a cathedral&#39;s stained glass window was planted in 1907. The window pattern is defined by privet hedge and filled with mixed borders of annual and perennial flowering plants providing the multicolored "stained glass." The garden is especially noted for its collection of over 1,000 herbaceous peonies.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the Rowland Agricultural Center at Hildene Farm opened to the public with its herd of Nubian goats and cheese-making facility. In the summer of 2011, the restored 1903 wooden Pullman palace car, Sunbeam, made its home at the Manchester estate. The car came off the line during Robert&#39;s tenure as president of the Pullman Company.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Hildene is furnished almost entirely with Lincoln family furniture and contains artifacts belonging to Robert Todd Lincoln and his parents. In 1908 an Æolian pipe organ was installed at a cost of $11,500. In 1980 the Friends of Hildene restored the organ.</p><br>
<p>The Greensburg Downtown Historic District of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, is bounded approximately by Tunnel Street, Main Street, Third Street, and Harrison Avenue. It consists of 62 buildings on 21.8 acre, with the most notable buildings from the years 1872-1930. The district&#39;s oldest structure  is the former Masonic Temple at 132 South Main Street. The Academy Hill Historic District is directly to the north of downtown Greensburg.</p><br>
<p>Two places that are separately listed on the National Register, the Westmoreland County Courthouse and the Greensburg Railroad Station, are included in the district. The "dominant building" in the district is the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Greensburg was once a significant retailing center, serving numerous small communities in central Westmoreland County. Not only was it an important station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, but it was also the headquarters of West Penn Railways, an interurban (long-distance trolley) company serving many small communities to the east and south of Greensburg. The headquarters building of West Penn Railways is still extant at 416 South Main Street, serving as City Hall, although it is outside the boundaries of the historic district. These forms of rail transportation contributed to Greensburg&#39;s growth in the pre-automobile era.</p><br>
<p>Greensburgs largest department store was Troutmans (202-226 South Main Street), the only downtown building with escalators. Other department stores included Royers (114 South Main Street), Sears (101 North Main Street), and J. C. Penney (221 South Main Street, in a building previously used by Pollins Grand Depot department store). The first three department stories remain standing, converted to other uses; however, the J. C. Penney building was demolished in 2022. The opening of Greengate Mall in 1965 (now demolished) had a devastating impact on downtown retailing, following the pattern that occurred in numerous communities. However, the presence of the courthouse continues to give purpose to downtown, and a significant number of historic properties remain.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings by street</h2><br>
<h3>Ehalt Street</h3><br>
<p>Ehalt Street was named for Jacob Ehalt (1821–1885), a German immigrant who owned a hotel on Harrison Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Greensburg Train Station (101 Ehalt Street, at the corner of Harrison Avenue) was designed by architect William Cookman for the Pennsylvania Railroad in a style that has been described as Jacobean Revival. The Pennsylvania Railroad initiated service to Greensburg in 1852, and a temporary structure served as a station for a few years. In 1860, a one-story red brick station was constructed. Passengers walked across the tracks to board westbound trains. In the early 1900s, the railroad was expanded from two tracks to four tracks. The tracks were elevated to create a more nearly level right-of-way for locomotives. These changes necessitated a new station, which is the current structure. When it opened in 1911, four active tracks passed by the station, and there were two passenger platforms, one serving two eastbound tracks and one serving two westbound tracks. The station is below the tracks, so passengers would walk through a pedestrian tunnel and then upstairs to one of the two platforms. Currently, only two tracks pass through the station, each served by a separate platform. Amtrak provides regular passenger train service. The old waiting room has been renovated for use as a restaurant, and the old baggage facility is currently rented as offices.</p><br>
<h3>Harrison Avenue</h3><br>
<p>Harrison Avenue was named for William Henry Harrison.</p><br>
<p>Penn Towers (137 Harrison Avenue), formerly the Penn-Albert Hotel, opened in 1923 and is one of the citys tallest structures, now used as housing for senior citizens. Designed by Edward J. Nelson, it has a red brick facade and Georgian Revival details. The building has 8 to 11 floors, depending on whether particular mezzanine-type floors or half-floors are counted. From the main entrance on Harrison Avenue, the hotel patron would walk through a short arcade lined with shops and go up a half-flight of stairs to the lobby, which adjoined a restaurant. A ballroom ("Crystal Room") was on the mezzanine level, and at the very top, there was a roof garden for dancing and other events, initially open on the sides and later entirely enclosed. The two highest guestroom floors, marked by a decorative frieze on the facade, were initially used for suites designed for long-term occupancy. In the hotels original name, "Penn" referred to William Penn, and "Albert" referred to the initial owner, John Albert Sheetz. An article in a 1923 magazine lists the types of room and their rates:</p><br>
<h3>Main Street</h3><br>
<p>In order from north to south:</p><br>
<p>Christ&#39;s Church (145 North Main Street) is a sandstone structure in a Gothic Revival style, dating from 1889.</p><br>
<p>Union Trust Building (102 North Main Street) is a two-story red brick building with classical details built in 1921 that once served as bank and office facilities, including the Westmoreland-Fayette Coal and Coke Company headquarters. The Westmoreland Cultural Trust acquired the building in 2004. In its current state, the building has various retail and professional tenants, as well as a conference center operated by the Trust.</p><br>
<p>Sears Department Store (101 North Main Street), now used as offices, is a two-story brick Classical Revival structure built approximately in 1930.</p><br>
<p>Bank and Trust Building (41 North Main Street) is a four-story 1896 Romanesque Revival building.</p><br>
<p>Westmoreland County Courthouse (2 North Main Street) is the county&#39;s fourth courthouse, built 1906-08. It is remarkable for its dome, reminiscent of the USA Capitol, and interior atrium dominated by a grand staircase. Architect William Kauffman designed the building in a style that has been variously described as Beaux Arts, Italian Renaissance, and French Renaissance. The exterior has a granite facade, and the interior has 15 wall and ceiling murals by artist Maurice Ingres.</p><br>
<p>1 North Main Street was built in 1928 as a bank with a limestone facade in a Classical Revival style. It was initially the Barclay-Westmoreland Trust, then a Mellon Bank, and later a Citizens&#39; Bank.</p><br>
<p>First Commonwealth Bank (111 South Main Street), originally First National Bank, later Southwest Bank, is a seven-story red brick building in a Classical Revival style, built in 1924. Paul Bartholomew, who also designed Troutman&#39;s and the YMCA, served as architect.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent de Paul (126 South Main Street) was originally McCrorys, one of Greensburgs "5 and 10s" or variety stores. This 1920s building is now a thrift shop for the Society of St. Vincent de Paul. The interior and exterior have changed very little from their days as a "5 and 10", except that the basement level has been closed to the public.</p><br>
<p>Masonic Temple Building (132 South Main Street) is a four-story building with an Italianate cast iron facade, now used as law offices. Built in 1872, it is the oldest building in the historic district.</p><br>
<p>Troutmans Department Store (202-226 South Main Street) was once the citys largest department store, now used for offices and seniors&#39; housing. It has six stories with a limestone and terracotta facade in an Italianate style. The central portion was designed by Paul Bartholomew and built in 1923, with a 1960s-era addition extending through to South Pennsylvania Avenue.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church of Greensburg (300 South Main Street) is an English Gothic style church built in 1917, designed by the Boston architect Ralph Adams Cram, who also designed the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York, and many of the buildings of Princeton University.</p><br>
<h3>Otterman Street</h3><br>
<p>This street was named after Ludwig (or Ludwick) Otterman (originally Ottoman) (1738–1791), an early settler.</p><br>
<p>Palace Theatre (21 West Otterman Street), formerly the Manos Theater, is a three-story red brick structure with some art deco characteristics that has been restored for use as a live entertainment venue. The original architects were Leon H. Lempert and Son of Rochester, New York, and interior murals were by Louis Grell. Initially, this 1926 building had offices on the second floor, apartments on the third floor, shops, a theater lobby on the first floor, and a combination of a billiard hall and bowling alleys in the basement. On the east side of the Palace Theatre, an adjoining theater (variously known as the Lomison Opera House, the Keaggy Theatre, and the Strand Theater) was torn down to provide space for a courtyard and auxiliary facilities for the Palace Theatre. Renovations completed in September 2004 added the Megan&#39;s Suite, an expanded two-level suite with table seating for guests to enjoy refreshments before the show or during intermission.</p><br>
<p>Stark / James Building is a three-story brick building at the corner of West Otterman Street and Harrison Avenue. The older portion is the Stark Hotel (35, 39, and 41 West Otterman Street), built in 1889 and later known as the Merchants Hotel, and still later known as the New Merchants Hotel. The extreme eastern segment of the building was originally a house belonging to a Mrs. C. H. Stark, and it likely predates the 1889 date attributed to the Stark Hotel as a whole. This easternmost segment is believed to include elements of a 1796 structure. A carved stone segment embedded in the east wall, visible from Pennsylvania Avenue, states cryptically, "Rebuilt 1888 1796". The hotel originally appealed to traveling salespeople, and in its final years, it provided cheap accommodations for elderly tenants. The Westmoreland Cultural Trust acquired the building in 2001 and tastefully renovated it for retail and office use. An adjacent building, the James Building (33 West Otterman Street), was acquired by the Westmoreland Cultural Trust in 1996, and the two structures are managed as a single building.</p><br>
<h3>Pittsburgh Street</h3><br>
<p>Pittsburgh Street would have been "First Street" if the streets had been named logically. There is no "First Street" in Greensburg.</p><br>
<p>Cope Hotel (22 West Pittsburgh Street) was one of Greensburgs oldest hotels, built in 1893, a Romanesque Revival red brick building with three stories, plus an attic level and a basement level with retail outlets fronting on South Pennsylvania Avenue. It bears the name of Cyrus P. Cope, who operated a tavern on this site and was the hotels owner when it was built. In 2009-2010, its upper floors were renovated for use as student apartments, known as the Felice Building Apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Westmoreland County Courthouse is a government building of Westmoreland County located in the county seat, Greensburg, Pennsylvania. It is a contributing property to the Downtown Greensburg Historic District, but was listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 1978. The courthouse is also one of the tallest structures in Greensburg, standing 175 ft above street level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current building is the county&#39;s fourth courthouse and was built in 1906. The first courthouse was used from 1787 to 1801. The second courthouse was demolished in 1854 and the third was demolished in 1901. The fourth courthouse was designed in a Beaux Arts style by William S. Kaufman.</p><br>
<p>The California Governors Mansion is the official residence of the governor of California, located in Sacramento, the capital of California. Built in 1877, the estate was purchased by the State of California in 1903 and has served as the executive residence for 14 governors. The mansion was occupied by governors between 1903–1967 and 2015–2019. Since 1967, the mansion has been managed by California State Parks as the Governors Mansion State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The thirty-room, three-story Second Empire-Italianate Victorian mansion was built in 1877 for local hardware merchant Albert Gallatin, who sold it to businessman Joseph Steffens, the father of journalist Lincoln Steffens, in 1887. In 1903, the State of California purchased the house to serve as the governor&#39;s mansion.</p><br>
<p>Many furnishings remain from former governors, including George C. Pardee&#39;s 1902 Steinway piano, velvet chairs, and sofas belonging to Governor Hiram Johnson, and Persian rugs bought by the wife of Earl Warren.</p><br>
<h3>State park</h3><br>
<p>In 1967, ownership of the mansion was transferred from the Governor of California to California State Parks, establishing the Governors Mansion State Historic Park. Governor Reagan lived in the mansion for a few months while making arrangements for his own residence. He leased a home in East Sacramentos "Fabulous 40s" neighborhood at 1341 45th Street. Reagan set a precedent that was adopted by all subsequent California governors until 2015.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the mansion was designated as a "historic house museum" and opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>From 1974 to 1975, during Reagans tenure, a new executive mansion was constructed in the Casa de los Gobernadores neighborhood of Carmichael, a suburb of Sacramento. Reagan never resided in the mansion, as it was completed after his tenure as governor ended, and the mansion was subsequently sold by Jerry Brown, Reagans successor. Brown, during his first two terms as governor from 1975 to 1983, lived in a sparsely-furnished two-bedroom apartment at the Dean Apartments at 1400 N St.</p><br>
<p>Governors George Deukmejian, Pete Wilson, and Gray Davis lived (successively) in an east Sacramento residence bought by Deukmejian and later leased by the state. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger ordinarily commuted each day by private plane from his home in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. When he would need to stay in Sacramento overnight, he would take a hotel suite at the Hyatt Regency Sacramento across the street from the California State Capitol.</p><br>
<p>When Brown became governor again in 2011, he opted to live in a 1,450 ft&sup2; downtown loft.</p><br>
<p>In July 2012, the Governor&#39;s Mansion was one of 70 California State Parks proposed for closure as part of a deficit reduction program. Previously, it was also one of several state parks threatened with closure in 2008. These threatened closures were ultimately avoided by cutting hours and maintenance system-wide.</p><br>
<h3>Renewed executive residence</h3><br>
<p>In 2015, the mansion once again became the official residence of the governor of California as well as being a museum, when Governor Jerry Brown and his wife, Anne Gust Brown, moved into the governor&#39;s mansion after it underwent $4.1 million in renovations to update electrical and plumbing systems, as well as to remove lead-based paint and install a fire sprinkler system and other security features.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, Governor Gavin Newsom and his family lived briefly in the mansion before taking up residence in a house purchased in the Sacramento suburb of Fair Oaks.</p><br>
<h2>Stanford Mansion</h2><br>
<p>The Leland Stanford Mansion, the former residence of Leland Stanford (8th Governor of California and founder of Stanford University), serves as the official reception house for the State of California. It is often used by the governor for official receptions of foreign dignitaries and for ceremonial purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Stanford Mansion also hosts an official office and working space for the governor.</p><br>
<h2>Casa de los Gobernadores</h2><br>
<p>Casa de los Gobernadores was built in 1974–75, in the Sacramento suburb of Carmichael, to serve as the new official residence of the governor. Reagan never resided in this new governor&#39;s mansion as it was completed after his term ended. Jerry Brown, who succeeded Reagan, refused to live in the mansion. In 1982, it was sold by the state and is now a private residence.</p><br>
<p>Cheesman Park is an urban park and neighborhood located in the City and County of Denver, Colorado, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cheesman Park is located in central Denver, southeast of downtown. The Park has inexact borders, as it is framed on three sides by private residences, but is located in the center of the Cheesman Park neighborhood, between Humboldt Street on the west, Race Street and Denver Botanic Gardens on the east, 13th Avenue on the north, and 8th Avenue on the south. The neighborhood&#39;s borders are approximately:</p><br>
<p>West: Downing Street</p><br>
<p>East: York Street</p><br>
<p>North: Colfax Avenue</p><br>
<p>South: 8th Avenue</p><br>
<p>The 80 acres of park land are planted with 1,880 trees from 57 different species. These include groves of American Linden in the western part of the park, American elm, Black Walnut, Green Ash and large conifers like the Colorado Blue Spruce and Douglas Fir.</p><br>
<h2>Early park history</h2><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, the land that is now Cheesman Park was Prospect Hill Cemetery, which also included the land that is now the Denver Botanical Garden and Congress Park further east. The long-disused cemetery was converted to a park which opened in 1907, after city planners felt it would provide an amenity to new residents as land development moved east of the central city. The park was originally named for the US Congress who gave permission to change the cemetery to a park and was renamed Cheesman Park in honor of Denver pioneer Walter Cheesman whose family donated the funds for the neoclassical pavilion on the eastern side of the park in his honor shortly after his death.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery opened in 1858 and the first burial occurred the following year. In 1872, the USA Government determined that the property upon which the cemetery sat was actually federal land, having been deeded to the government in 1860 by a treaty with the Arapaho. The government then offered the land to the City of Denver who purchased it for $200. Although today it is still mostly remembered as Mt. Prospect Cemetery, in 1873 the cemetery&#39;s name was changed to the Denver City Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>As time went on different areas of the cemetery were designated for different religions, ethnic groups and fraternal organizations such as Odd Fellows, Society of Masons, Roman Catholics, Jewish, the Grand Army of the Republic, and a segregated section at the south end for the Chinese. Some sections were well maintained by family descendants or their organizations, but others were terribly neglected. In 1875, 20 acre at the northeast part of the cemetery (slightly east of where the botanic gardens are now located) were sold to the Hebrew Burial Society, who then maintained it, while much of the rest of the graveyard fell further into disrepair. By the late 1880s the cemetery was rarely used and in great disrepair, becoming an eyesore in what had become one of the most exclusive parts of the quickly growing city. Real estate developers soon began to lobby for a park to be in its place, rather than an unused cemetery. Before long, Colorado Senator Henry Moore Teller persuaded the USA Congress to allow the old graveyard to be converted to a park. On January 25, 1890, Congress authorized the city to vacate Mt. Prospect Cemetery and in recognition, Teller renamed the area Congress Park.</p><br>
<p>Families were given 90 days to remove the bodies of their loved ones to other locations. Those who could afford this began to transfer bodies to other cemeteries throughout the city and elsewhere. Due to the large number of graves in the Roman Catholic section off to the east, Mayor Joseph E. Bates sold the 40 acre area to the archdiocese, which was then named Mount Calvary Cemetery. The Chinese section of the graveyard was given over to the large population of Chinese who lived in the "Hop Alley" district of Denver. Most of these bodies were then removed and shipped to their homeland of China.</p><br>
<p>Several years went by while the city waited for citizens to remove the remains of their families, but few did. Most of the people buried in the cemetery were vagrants, criminals, and paupers, which probably had a lot to do with why the majority of bodies, more than 5,000, remained unclaimed. In 1893 The City of Denver then awarded a contract to undertaker E.P. McGovern to remove the remains. McGovern was to provide a "fresh" coffin for each body and then transfer it to the Riverside Cemetery at a cost of $1.90 each. The macabre work began on March 14, 1893, while an assorted audience of curiosity-seekers and reporters came and went. For the first few days, the transfer was orderly. However, the unscrupulous McGovern soon found a way to make an even larger profit on the contract. Rather than utilizing full-size coffins for adults, he used child-sized caskets that were just one foot by 3½ feet long. One source claims this was done at least partially because of a coffin shortage caused by a mining accident in Utah. Hacking the bodies up, McGovern sometimes used as many as three caskets for just one body. In their haste, body parts and bones were literally strewn everywhere in a disorganized mess. Their haste also allowed souvenir hunters and onlookers to help themselves to items from the caskets.</p><br>
<p>The Denver Republican newspaper ran a story breaking the news, its March 19, 1893 headline read: "The Work of Ghouls". The article described, in detail, McGoverns practice of hacking up what were sometimes intact remains of the dead and stuffing them into childrens-size coffins. The article partly described the scene:Into the first box some bones were cavalierly tossed by a workman. He then pulled another box to the edge of the grave, and into this he tossed one bone, some earth and portion of the coffin. At this juncture a man came along with a pot of paint and brush and numbered and lettered the two boxes already filled from the single grave. John E. Wood, the representative of the Health department, also came up. When he saw the third box he asked the man in the grave what it was for. “Oh, I guess there&#39;s another one here,” said the grave-digger, as he threw a shovelful of earth into the box. Mr. Wood looked into the grave, said “Humph,” and walked away. Another shovelful of earth and some crumbled wood was then thrown into the box, the “remains” were disinfected, the lid fastened on and the “body” of “274, B. H.,” shipped to Riverside.Mayor Rogers canceled the contract and the city Health Commissioner began an investigation. Although numerous graves had not yet been reached and others sat exposed, a new contract for moving the bodies was never awarded.</p><br>
<h2>Park construction and changes</h2><br>
<p>The city built a temporary wooden fence around the cemetery and in 1894, grading and leveling began in preparation for the park, though several of the open graves wouldn&#39;t be filled in until 1902. Finally shrubs were planted and the holes filled in where coffins were removed. Work was completed in 1907, without ever having moved the rest of the bodies.</p><br>
<p>Denvers landscape architect, German-born Reinhard Schuetze, did the initial designs for the park with its meandering carriage-ways that join in a figure-8, the pavilion and reflecting pool and the verdant central meadows outlined in groves of trees. Schuetze died in 1910 before the park was completed, but his successor S.R. DeBoer finished the park with much of Schuetzes plan intact. The central connection street of the figure-8 was later removed and grass planted in its place. High Street also originally ran through the park, passing just east of the marble pavilion, but was eventually removed, with grass and trees taking its place.</p><br>
<p>The Cheesman Memorial was constructed in 1908 from Colorado Yule marble, in the Neoclassical style, on a raised platform with retaining walls clad in ashlar masonry and topped by decorative balustrades. The walls were installed with fountains and inset with grand staircases approaching the pavilion, in the style of an Italian Renaissance garden. At the base of the supporting platform to the west are three large reflecting pools, used as wading pools in the summertime until the 1970s. Between 1934 and 1972 the Denver Post sponsored open air performances of Broadway musicals and operas staged at the pavilion. The famed Olmsted Brothers designed the landscaping surrounding the memorial; in 1912 an esplanade with formal parterres for flower plantings was installed between the memorial and Williams Street parkway to the east.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s the pavilion and supporting plinth were in a state of serious disrepair. City authorities undertook a restoration of the pavilion but decided to replace the platform altogether with gently sloping lawns and modest concrete staircases. Today only the pavilion and reflecting pools remain of the original complex. The new grading meant that much of the original formal landscaping was lost during this period, replaced with simplified flower beds and a rose garden to the north.</p><br>
<p>The area at the south edge of the park, near the intersection of 8th and Williams Streets, once used as the Chinese cemetery was used as the city tree and shrub nursery until 1930 when a WPA project converted it to an addition for the park. The Catholic Church moved most of the remains of those buried in the Mount Calvary Cemetery and sold the land back to the city in 1950. This city-block-sized park is now Cheesman Esplanade, often called "Little Cheesman Park" by the area&#39;s residents.</p><br>
<h2>Modern Park</h2><br>
<p>In November 2008, during initial construction of a new parking structure for the Denver Botanic Gardens between York and Josephine Streets, human bones and parts of coffins were unearthed. The bodies were removed and buried in a different cemetery and construction was allowed to continue.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 an assessment by the City and County of Denver proposed restoring much of Cheesman Park along the lines of the original 1902 plan conceived by Reinhardt Scheutze. This would include replanting many trees lost over the years, removing obstructive vegetation, and restoring the parkway to the original figure-8 design. The retaining walls, fountains and staircases which once supported the Cheesman Memorial would also be restored along with the esplanade and gardens that once surrounded the pavilion.</p><br>
<p>Cheesman Park is considered a gathering spot among the gay community in Denver. Notable LGBT-related events that take place at the park include monthly transgender picnics, and the annual PrideFest parade which typically takes place during June and travels from Cheesman Park to Civic Center Park near downtown. Also, the AIDS Walk Colorado takes place in and around the park annually, usually during September.</p><br>
<h2>The Cheesman Park neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>The Cheesman Park neighborhood is one of the oldest in Denver, with city plats dating to as far back as 1868 and was annexed by the City of Denver in 1883, though development was slow at first. By 1915, with the completion of the park, the neighborhood was mostly developed with large mansions for some of the city&#39;s wealthiest people. Since the 1930s however, the neighborhood has become denser with a plethora of apartment buildings.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood of Cheesman Park is bordered north–south by Colfax and 8th Avenues, and east–west by Downing and Josephine Streets. The Cheesman Park neighborhood is often considered part of Denvers Capitol Hill neighborhood (to the west), as the northern residential area of Cheesman Park was part of the "Capitol Hill" subdivision of the city on February 14, 1882, and the southern residential area was part of the "South Division of Capitol Hill" subdivision of August 26, 1882. At the time, this "fashionable residential district" was occupied by the citys "business and professional class."</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood has a population density of more than 12,000 people per square mile, far exceeding Denvers average density of 3,600 people per square mile, due to the many high-rise and mid-rise apartments and condominiums surrounding the park. However, the neighborhood contains not only modern, dense residential units; it also contains three of Denvers residential historic districts: Wymans, Morgans Addition, and Humboldt Island. These historic districts now preserve homes of a wide variety of architectural styles, from the late 19th century through the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is predominantly white and middle class with a median household income of $42,477 in 2008, and a higher average level of educational attainment than the city as a whole. The neighborhood has more single/unmarried people than Denver&#39;s average (only 13.2% married, compared to 34.7% for the entire city), with only 2.6% having children, compared to 15.0% for the city, and it consequently has a smaller average household size.</p><br>
<p>There are more renters than homeowners in the neighborhood; the areas apartments are a mix of newer and older apartment buildings, and conversions of older mansions into apartments. Only about a quarter of the neighborhoods residents live in owner-occupied units, and the average detached single family home value was $791,976 in 2008, more than double the city&#39;s average of $341,104.</p><br>
<p>Cheesman Park has a fairly urban character with its density and closeness to the central part of the city. The neighborhoods crime rates are close to the citys average. It contains several areas of commercial activity particularly north of the park between 13th and Colfax avenues, and is also home to the 23 acre Denver Botanical Gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Film inspiration</h2><br>
<p>In a 1980 interview, writer and playwright Russell Hunter said he based many elements from The Changeling on experiences from his first months in Denver in 1968, while living in a large house at 1739 East 13th Avenue on the northern edge of Cheesman Park. The house was razed in the 1970s and a condominium building now stands on the site. Although the film is set in Seattle, the house the film centers on is called the "Cheesman" House, a nod to the Denver inspiration.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park is a historically black neighborhood in northwest Atlanta encompassing historic residential, commercial, and community landmark buildings. It is situated two miles  west of the central business district of Atlanta. The combination of gridiron and curvilinear streets is a result of the neighborhood having been developed from four separate subdivision plats. One of these plats created Atlanta&#39;s first planned black neighborhood, while the other three were abandoned by white developers and adopted by Heman Perry, an early 20th-century black developer. Although Perry did not receive a formal education past the seventh grade, in 1913 he founded one of the largest black-owned companies in the United States, the Standard Life Insurance Company of Atlanta.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The development of the Washington Park area is associated with the history of racial segregation in Atlanta. Prior to 1919, Ashby Street functioned as an early "color line" in the city. The area east of Ashby Street was established as an area for African Americans, and the area west of Ashby Street was established as an area for white settlement. Few white families were interested in residing so close to the historically black Atlanta University campus. Any plans for white settlement west of Ashby Street ended when the general manager of the Parks Department of Atlanta designated Washington Park as the first recreational park for African Americans in 1919. The Atlanta Board of Education re-designated Ashby Street School from white to black in that same year. With these two actions, the area west of Ashby Street was abandoned by white developers and this early "color line" was broken.</p><br>
<p>The collection of historic residences within the district consists of one- and two-story buildings built between 1919 and 1958 featuring exterior wood clapboard or brick veneer. These close-knit residences are fairly uniformly set back near the street-end of their narrow lots. The architectural types represented within the district include English and Georgian cottages, Georgian, American Foursquare, and the bungalow, the most commonly found type. The architectural styles found include Colonial Revival, English Vernacular, and Craftsman, which is the style most widely represented. There were few commercial buildings located within the Washington Park neighborhood, historically concentrated near the edges of the district at the crossroads of major streets, but many of these stores have been lost or altered. A c. 1930 gas station featuring an office block with a canopy remains, as well as a corner store with a large storefront window oriented towards the intersection. Community landmarks include the William A. Harris Memorial Hospital, the Ashby Street Theater, the Citizen Trust Company West Side Branch bank building, and the E.R. Carter Elementary School (formerly Ashby Street School).</p><br>
<h2>Washington Park</h2><br>
<p>One of the focal points of the historic district is the recreational park. Prior to the construction of Washington Park in 1919, there were no recreational parks in Atlanta available to African Americans. The park started with a gift of six and a half acres and expanded to 25 acre when completed in 1928. It originally included a swimming pool, dance hall, pavilions, and tennis courts. Branch Curington, appointed by Mayor Ivan Allen in 1964, was the first Director/Manager of Washington Park Tennis Center in 1964. Mr. Curington is also known for being the first black tennis pro to direct/manage a tennis facility in Atlanta. Washington Park saw thousands of black youth in Atlanta learn, play and earn tennis scholarships to college due to the amazing offensive "serve and volley" style of tennis Branch Curington coached to his players. Roscoe "Rocky" Warner, a local teaching pro in Atlanta whose father was coached by Mr. Curington, is building an amazing timeline on Branch Curington&#39;s life and his contributions to Washington Park in Atlanta Georgia. Mr. Curington was the first African-American in Georgia to be certified as a tennis teaching professional, and many of the city’s black elite would take lessons from him on their lunch breaks. Despite his accomplishments, it was not until 2016 that Mr. Curington was inducted in the Georgia Tennis Hall of Fame. Mr. Curington would die a year later July 14, 2017. The Washington Park neighborhood has retained many of its landscape features; however, mass transportation projects, modern residential construction and subsidized housing development have caused the loss of some historic fabric.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood is served by PATH&#39;s "West Side Trail", the Beltline (which will connect to the park as well) and access to the Ashby MARTA rail station.</p><br>
<p>This article incorporates text from the National Park Service website, a work of the USA government, and therefore under public domain.</p><br>
<p>Mozley Park is a typical early 20th-century residential neighborhood, located approximately three miles west of downtown Atlanta. The community is named after the original landowner, Dr. Hiram Mozley, whose heirs inherited the land after his death in 1902.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>The houses in the district were built over a 20-year period, beginning around 1920 when the basic street arrangements were completely mapped. The houses built in the oldest section of the neighborhood are Folk Victorian cottages and Craftsman bungalows built on small lots with varied setbacks and no driveways. There have been modest changes to the houses, including new awnings, siding, and rear additions. The overall neighborhood plan is that of a gridiron, typical of many Atlanta neighborhoods. Many of the streets have retained their original granite curbing and narrow sidewalks with hexagonal pavers. Lots are primarily 50 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>The district also includes the Mozley Park Recreational Area. In 1922, the citizens of Mozley Park and the surrounding area asked the Atlanta City Council to purchase the Mozley estate for a recreation area to serve residents of the southwest side of Atlanta. The Civil War breastworks and trenches that remained on the site were leveled. A park was developed with roadways, landscaped areas, lakes, a swimming pool, and a bathhouse. The only other non-residential building in the district is the Frank Lebby Stanton Elementary School, named for Georgia&#39;s first poet laureate. It was built on a wooded hill adjacent to Mozley Park. The school is a traditional two-story, red-brick building with limestone trim and awning windows.</p><br>
<h2>History of Race, Roads, and Real Estate in Mozley Park</h2><br>
<p>Mozley Park was an early epicenter of white flight in Atlanta, which had de facto residential segregation.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was located immediately west of the Ashby Street area, which underwent turbulence in the 1940s as many white sections of that neighborhood transitioned to black. In 1937, a black physician bought three lots in Mozley Park but abandoned his building plans after work crews were threatened. In 1941 city officials considered building a parkway that would serve as a physical barrier to black areas to Mozley Park&#39;s east. When this was not built, Westview Drive was used as a boundary, with anyone trying to build homes for blacks within 100 yards of the road threatened. Streets in black subdivisions north of Westview were unpaved for the last 100 yards nearest Westview. East of Chappell Road was also considered a black area.</p><br>
<p>In 1948, William A. Scott, Jr., an African American and the son of the Atlanta Daily World founder, built his home on the corner of Mozely Place and Chappell Road. But since it faced Mozely Place, this was seen as encroachment on the white area. White neighbors began to sell, which as was common in the day, caused mass selling by other white homeowners. In 1949 some white residents formed the Mozley Park Home Owners&#39; Protective Association (MPHOPA) to stem the expansion of black residents, whose leaders stated their intentions to buy back homes in the "white" sections and establish a voluntary boundary line for "Negro expansion". The establishment of the MPHOPA was an important precedent in the city, as it was deemed, albeit erroneously, a "respectable" organization at the time, whereas previous efforts to halt black expansion were spearheaded by the Ku Klux Klan and other overtly racist organizations.</p><br>
<p>Due to the extreme shortage of housing in "black" areas of the city, however, it was extremely profitable for white homeowners to sell to black people. By 1950 black Realtists (real estate agents) refused to cooperate any longer with MPHOPA efforts and in September 1951 advertised a mass listing of Mozley Park homes in the black newspaper the Atlanta Daily World. Mayor William B. Hartsfield personally visited the black Realtists board to ask them to let Westview Drive serve as a color line with blacks to the north and whites to the south; the Realtists accepted this proposal tentatively. White residents reorganized the MPHOPA into the much larger Southwest Citizens Association and lobbied Mayor Hartsfield who in 1952 presented a plan to build a six-lane highway along Westview Drive — but financing stalled and it would only be built years later as part Interstate 20.</p><br>
<p>Nonetheless, black families still managed to move into houses north of Westview. By 1954 the mayor finally agreed to transfer the neighborhood park to be designated for use by blacks (parks in Atlanta were also segregated by race) and the racial transition of the neighborhood was virtually complete.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In the 1950s and 1960s, public project developments, including the construction of Interstate 20, altered portions of the landscape in Mozley Park. Some older houses and streets have been demolished. But because of the minimal alterations to the majority of the houses, the neighborhood has maintained its integrity as an early 20th-century residential community.</p><br>
<p>The Academy Hill Historic District of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, is bounded approximately by Baughman Street, North Maple Avenue, Kenneth Street, Culbertson Avenue, Beacon Street, and North Main Street. It consists of 252 structures on 63.5 acre, with the most notable buildings from the years 1880 to 1949. The earliest building, a former farmhouse at 333 Walnut Avenue, dates from 1840. The Academy Hill Historic District is directly to the north of the Greensburg Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The southern portion of Academy Hill is mainly institutional, including the Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, its parish school, and Greensburgs public high school, now used as a middle school. Since 1810, the block bounded by Main Street, Academy Hill Place, Maple Avenue, and Grant Street has been used for a succession of public schools, and the 1810 school at this site was the source of the neighborhoods name.</p><br>
<p>Main Street, north of these landmark structures, is lined with large houses and mansions built for the city&#39;s elite, some designed by Paul Bartholomew. As one moves east of Main Street, the houses become less elaborate. The north-south streets east of Maple Avenue are lined with relatively modest houses representing middle-class and working-class residential architecture in the pre-World War II era.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings by street</h2><br>
<h3>Grant Street</h3><br>
<p>133 Grant Street - Sears, the department store chain, once sold houses in kit form that could be ordered through the mail, and such houses were particularly popular with farmers on the prairies. This is an example of such a Sears Catalog Home, which is rare for Greensburg. It was built in 1925 and represents the American Craftsman style.</p><br>
<h3>Kenneth Street</h3><br>
<p>208 Kenneth Street - This 1920 Tudor was designed by and was the residence for Paul Bartholomew until he died in 1973.</p><br>
<p>214 Kenneth Street - This 1937 center hall colonial was designed by Paul Bartholomew.</p><br>
<h3>North Main Street</h3><br>
<p>In order by house number:</p><br>
<p>Blessed Sacrament Cathedral (300 North Main Street) - This massive 1928 structure serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Greensburg. It was designed by the Pittsburgh-based firm of Comes, Perry, and McMullen in an English Gothic style. Initially, it was the Blessed Sacrament Church and attained cathedral status when the Diocese of Greensburg was formed in 1952. The German artist Franz Maier designed the stained glass rose window over the main entrance. Between 1983 and 1987, the architectural firm of Celli & Flynn Associates conducted a major renovation of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Greensburg Salem Middle School (301 North Main Street) - A public school, known as the Academy Hill School, was built on this site in 1810, from which the neighborhood takes its name. It was destroyed by fire in 1850. A second school, known as "Old Red" (a two-story red brick building), was built here in 1862 or 1863 and torn down in 1924. Slightly to the north of the existing building, a high school was built in 1897 but was razed in 1960. The current building is the fourth school on this block. It is a three-story structure, opened in 1927, and was designed by architect Maurice Kressely in a Neoclassical Revival style. This current structure was initially the Greensburg Salem High School, and since 1979 has been the Greensburg Salem Middle School.</p><br>
<p>Aquinas Academy (340 North Main Street) - This is the parish elementary school of the next-door Blessed Sacrament Cathedral. It was originally known as Saint Benedict School, then as Blessed Sacrament School, until 1995, when its name was changed to Aquinas Academy due to a reorganization of the diocesan elementary schools. The oldest portion of the building, fronting Main Street, is a two-story red brick structure from 1904. There are also 1954 and 1961 additions, both fronting on Pennsylvania Avenue. A 1962 addition, set back from Main Street, was intended to serve as a convent.</p><br>
<p>419 North Main Street - This 1935 Tudor Revival residence is one of many in the neighborhood by architect Paul Bartholomew.</p><br>
<p>Huff Mansion / YWCA (424 North Main Street) - Perhaps the grandest of the Academy Hill mansions, the YWCA has owned this 1900 Georgian Revival structure since 1979. It was designed by Boston-based architect Ralph Adams Cram for William A. Huff, whose wealth originated from the coal industry (United Coal and Coke Company) and from banking (First National Bank of Greensburg).</p><br>
<p>431 North Main Street - This 1920 house is another commission by architect Paul Bartholomew, characterized by influences of the Prairie School, the Picturesque Movement, and the Craftsman style.</p><br>
<p>445 North Main Street - This 1913 Mission style house was designed by Paul Bartholomew.</p><br>
<p>450 North Main Street - This 1920 house was designed by Paul Bartholomew in a Georgian Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Kepple-Graft Funeral Home (524 North Main Street) - This was built for William Jamison, a coal industry magnate.</p><br>
<h3>North Maple Avenue</h3><br>
<p>In order by house number:</p><br>
<p>Clawson House (223 North Maple Avenue) - This Queen Anne style house was built in 1893 for Sheriff Lucien Clawson.</p><br>
<p>528 North Maple Avenue - This 1913 home was designed by Paul Bartholomew in a Craftsman style.</p><br>
<p>552 North Maple Avenue - This 1922 residence is yet another design by Paul Bartholomew, reflecting an Eclectic Revival design.</p><br>
<h3>O&#39;Hara Street</h3><br>
<p>YWCA Annex (12 OHara Street) - This structure was a log cabin at 419 North Main Street. At the time of World War I, the Huff family moved it to its current location as a wedding gift for William A. Huffs daughter. The house was later covered in stucco, a very unusual building material in this region, and currently serves as an annex for the YWCA.</p><br>
<h3>Walnut Avenue</h3><br>
<p>In order by house number:</p><br>
<p>333 Walnut Avenue - This 1840 structure was originally a farmhouse and is the oldest building in the historic district.</p><br>
<p>334 Walnut Avenue - This 1936 Tudor Revival style residence was designed by Paul Bartholomew.</p><br>
<p>The Bogardus-DeWindt House is located on Tompkins Avenue, a short distance west of NY 9D, in Beacon, New York, United States. It typifies the houses built in the region between 1750 and 1830, and has largely remained in its original form even as newer housing has been built in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>During that time, the Hudson Valley was experiencing a new wave of settlement by New Englanders moving west. Their houses in the region combined their English-derived building traditions with Dutch ones dating to the late 17th century to create a new vernacular architecture unique to the place and time. The Bogardus-DeWindt house, a -story, five-by-two-bay rectangular building with heavy timber framing, epitomizes this style.</p><br>
<p>It was originally built on a four-acre (1.6 ha) parcel for Elizabeth Bogardus, widow of Peter, an early landowner whose estate had to be subdivided and sold to settle debts. She died a few years later and John Peter DeWindt bought the land and house as part of his Cedar Grove estate. In 1825 his mother moved into what the family called "the cottage". It remained in the family, undergoing the addition of a bay wing, and a barn and wood shed, in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The DeWindts sold it in 1920. Those owners added dormer windows upstairs and the columns on the front porch shortly after taking possession. Two decades later, the most recent addition, a small rear kitchen wing, was built.</p><br>
<p>The Bonstelle Theatre is a theater and former synagogue owned by Wayne State University, located at 3424 Woodward Avenue  in the Midtown Woodward Historic District of Detroit, Michigan. It was built in 1902 as the Temple Beth-El, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>When Rabbi Leo M. Franklin first began leading services at Detroits Temple Beth El in 1899, he felt that the construction of a new temple building on Detroits "Piety Row" stretch of Woodward would increase the visibility and prestige of Detroit&#39;s Jewish community.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The temple is a Beaux-Arts structure influenced primarily by Roman and Greek temples. Architect Albert Kahn&#39;s exterior design for Temple Beth-El has been compared closely to the Pantheon in Rome. There is a prominent dome over the main area of the temple, with gabled wings on the north and south. A pedimented extension on the front once extended into a porch; the front section of the building was lost when the city widened Woodward Avenue in 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Later use</h2><br>
<p>When the Temple Beth El congregation constructed a new building farther north along Woodward in 1922, they sold the building at Woodward and Eliot to Jessie Bonstelle for $500,000. Bonstelle hired architect C. Howard Crane to convert the building into a theater, and named the resulting building the Bonstelle Playhouse. Myron G. Barlow was reported to be responsible for directing interior decoration in "Italian style." In 1928, the Bonstelle Playhouse became the Detroit Civic Theatre, and in the 1930s, the Mayfair Motion Picture Theater. In 1951, Wayne State University rented the facility as a performance space for its theater company, and purchased it outright in 1956, renaming it the Bonstelle Theatre in honor of Jessie Bonstelle.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the University reached an agreement to lease the theatre to Detroit-based development firm The Roxbury Group. The Bonstelle is planned to be renovated and integrated into an adjacent hotel by AC Hotels, which is expected to open in 2024. The Bonstelle was expected to host Mary Poppins as its final performance in April 2020, which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the final performance by Wayne State University in the Bonstelle was A Christmas Carol in December 2019. Wayne State University&#39;s theater performances are now produced and performed at the newly constructed Hilberry Gateway.</p><br>
<p>The former Temple Beth-El is a historic building located at 8801 Woodward Avenue  in Detroit, Michigan. It was built in 1921 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In 1921 Detroits Temple Beth El, under Rabbi Leo M. Franklins leadership, had outgrown its previous building at Woodward and Eliot. In addition, many members of the congregation had moved to areas such as Boston-Edison and Atkinson Avenue that did not proscribe Jewish residents. The congregation obtained a parcel of land near these neighborhoods at Woodward and Gladstone and engaged congregant Albert Kahn to design a new temple. The cornerstone for the new building was laid on September 20, 1921, with the dedication on November 10–12, 1922.</p><br>
<p>The Kahn-designed temple is a classical, flat-roofed structure built from limestone. On the facade facing Woodward, eight ionic columns form an enormous porch and frame three large pairs of doors. Along the facade facing Gladstone, eight tall, narrow are framed by massive piers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In early 1974, the Beth El congregation moved again, this time to Bloomfield Hills, and the building was sold to the Lighthouse Tabernacle, becoming known as the Lighthouse Cathedral. Little Rock Baptist Church owned the building from 2008 until 2014 and used it as a community center. In 2008, it was occupied by the Citadel of Faith Covenant Church.</p><br>
<p>In June 2010, the church became occupied by The Community Church of Christ, under the leadership of Pastor R.A. Cranford. In October 2013, Breakers Covenant Church International began leasing space for their worship services under the leadership of Pastor Aramis D. Hinds Sr. As of October 2014, Breakers Covenant Church International is now the new owner of this property.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017 the Detroit Beth El building is now known as the Bethel Community Transformation Center, owned by a multiracial and multireligious board of trustees which plans to make the building a theater, multi-religion center, and community center.</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>Four murals were dedicated in the Beth El Temple in 1925 and still survive today, each measuring 8 feet 3 inches in diameter.</p><br>
<p>The paintings were done by artist Myron Barlow, who got his start in art in Detroit, and became an expatriate artist in France. Barlow maintained his ties to Detroit. It was mentioned that he looked at the work of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo in France, and he himself painted ceilings in Paris. Barlow&#39;s four paintings were painted on canvas in France and then brought to the United States by him, to be installed in the temple.</p><br>
<p>The four paintings were written about in The Advocate in 1925. They include The Patriarch in which Abraham welcomes three strangers, The Prophet in which 11 figures react to the words of a prophet, a painting of older European Jews from the middle ages teaching the young, and The Immigrant depicting an immigrant with prayer book passing the Statue of Liberty.</p><br>
<p>Barlow had a family connection to the temple. In his mothers obituary, Beth El temple was listed as the one she attended, although she didnt live to see the paintings because she died in 1910.</p><br>
<h3>Murals in the Bethel Community Transformation Center in Detroit, painted by Myron Barlow</h3><br>
<p>Painting by Myron Barlow Q1200314 in Bethel Community Transformation Center, Detroit, Michigan, photo by Helmut Ziewers.jpgThe Patriarch depicting Abraham</p><br>
<p>The original Columbian Elementary School is a former public elementary school located at 3819 Jones Street in Omaha, Nebraska. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Columbian School in 1990. It was declared an Omaha Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Originally opened in the 400th anniversary year of Christopher Columbus&#39;s voyage to the Americas, the school is a two-story building that was opened in 1892 and named in honor of the captain. According to the City of Omaha Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission, "Columbian School is an excellent and rare example of the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture." Notable Omaha architect John Latenser, Sr. employed the style for many of the most important civic and commercial buildings constructed in Omaha in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Following a rehabilitation in 1992, the former school was converted to rental residential space using federal historic preservation tax credits.</p><br>
<p>When the original Columbian closed, the community requested its name be given to a new school.</p><br>
<p>The Bradford–Pettis House is a historic house located at 400 South 39th Street in Midtown Omaha, Nebraska. It was designated an Omaha Landmark on February 26, 1980, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 21, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Bradford–Pettis House is a combination of Prairie School and Georgian Revival architecture. Interior amenities include leaded and stained glass, and inlaid wood and tile-faced fireplaces. Mrs. Bradford Pettis was a paternal aunt of Gerald R. Ford, Jr., who was born Leslie Lynch King, Jr. in Omaha in 1913.</p><br>
<p>The house later became an antiques store and a Montessori educational center. In 1981, it became the House of Montessori. In 1982 the house was the Omaha Symphony&#39;s Designer Showhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Center School, now known as the Lincoln School Apartments, is located at 1730 South 11th Street in South Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Built in 1893, it was declared an Omaha Landmark June 18, 1985 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 23, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The building is one of only a very few major examples of the Richardsonian Romanesque style remaining in Omaha. Center School is one of 35 Omaha schools designed by architect John Latenser, Sr. The building was rehabilitated into apartments in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Irish Bend Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge near Corvallis, Oregon, United States. It was constructed in 1954 and originally spanned a slough of the Willamette River on Irish Bend Road near Monroe. However, in 1975 Irish Bend Road was realigned and the bridge fell into a state of disrepair. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It was eventually dismantled in 1988 to make way for a more modern concrete span. Through negotiations with Benton County and Oregon State University , an agreement was reached to reconstruct the bridge on university property. $30,000 was raised by the Irish Bend Advisory Committee, and Benton County provided an additional $30,000 to fund the project, which was completed in 1989. Due to the relocation, the bridge was removed from the National Register in 1989. It was relisted in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Today, the bridge is part of a path through the research farm between 35th and 53rd Streets on the west side of the OSU campus, spanning Oak Creek. Although the property is owned by the university, maintenance is carried out by the Benton County Parks Department.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Creek Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge near US 219, about 4 miles away from Salt Sulphur Springs, in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States. It is owned by the Monroe County Historical Society, and was originally built in 1898 by Ray and Oscar Weikel. The bridge is 49.25 feet long and 11.5 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was restored by Hoke Brothers Construction, Inc. of Union, West Virginia in 2000 at a cost of $334,446. It is open to pedestrians, and said to be one of the most photographed bridges in West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Oak Hill Cottage, built in 1847 by John Robinson, superintendent of the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark Railroad, is an historic Gothic Revival brick house with Carpenter Gothic ornamentation located at 310 Springmill Street in Mansfield, Ohio, in the United States. All of the furnishings and artifacts inside the house are original to about the 1870s and have come down to the present, intact.</p><br>
<p>Robinson purchased the land for his home in April 1844 from Edward Wilkinson. He named the plot White Oak Hill. His home was later called, “The one perfect Gothic House I’ve seen in the United States,” by Ralph Adams Cram, architect of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City. The house was built near the railroad for the convenience of its owner, who wished to live near Mansfield&#39;s railroad and business district.</p><br>
<p>After falling on hard times financially, Robinson returned the house to the Farmer&#39;s Bank, which held it until it was bought by Mr. Harvey Hall in 1861.</p><br>
<p>It was acquired by its most prominent and famous owner, Dr. Johannes Jones in 1864 and was the home of his family for over a century. It was Dr. Jones’ wife Francis Barr Jones and their four daughters Madell, Bess, Ida, and Leile who made Oak Hill Cottage a showplace and the centerpiece of Mansfield&#39;s leading social affairs at the time.</p><br>
<p>It was the habit of Dr. Jones to hold informal receptions for musicians who were visiting and performing in Mansfield at Oak Hill.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Jones died in 1895 and his funeral services were held at Oak Hill Cottage. His wife Francis lived on in the home until her death in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The last private owner of the house was the Jones’ youngest daughter Leile Barrett. She maintained the home until her own declining fortunes and failing health caused her to allow the house to fall into disrepair. This led her to sell Oak Hill to the Richland County Historical Society in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Society restored the house and the furniture inside to about the year 1870, which was around when most of the items inside the house had been bought originally. It was finally open for public tours in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Oak Hill Cottage was the setting of The Green Bay Tree, Mansfield native and grand-nephew to Mrs. Jones Louis Bromfield&#39;s first novel. His fond memories of spending time in the home led him to memorialize it as “Shane’s Castle” in the 1924 novel.</p><br>
<p>On June 11, 1969, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is now the Oak Hill Cottage and Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Underground Railroad stop legend</h2><br>
<p>A common legend surrounding the Oak Hill Cottage is that the house was used as a stop on the Underground Railroad. This legend was disproved by Mrs. Ethel Zott, a relative of John Robinson, the house&#39;s first owner, during a newspaper interview. She stated that she doubted he would use his home as a link in the Underground Railroad. In fact, diary entries made by Robinson indicated that he was sympathetic to Southern slave-holding states and did not want Lincoln elected as president.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The house was bought in 1965 by the Richland County Historical Society which has restored it and now maintains it as a museum open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Glover Mausoleum, also known as the Glover Vault, is a Greek Revival mausoleum located within the Riverside Cemetery in Demopolis, Marengo County, Alabama. It houses the remains of local plantation owner, Allen Glover, his first wife  and second wife , along with many of their descendants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival mausoleum was built between 1841 and 1845 on a chalk bluff overlooking the Tombigbee River, southwest of Demopolis. It was built by Mary Anne Glover, second wife of Allen Glover, on land purchased by him in 1831 and left to his minor daughter, Ann Gaines Glover. Allen Glover died in 1840 and was initially buried elsewhere. Records in the Probate Court of Marengo County show that expenditures on the vault began in January 1841. By the time that it was finished the executors of Allen Glover&#39;s estate had spent at least $2,136.75 on construction. The bodies of Allen Glover, his first wife, and a daughter were moved to the vaults after it was completed in 1845. A Gothic Revival cast iron fence was later added around the vault in 1858. Ann Glover allowed other family members to be buried around the mausoleum in later years, and in 1882 she began to sell lots to the public. This led to the establishment of the site as Riverside Cemetery. The fence has experienced considerable vandalism in more recent years and has been largely removed. The mausoleum was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mausoleum contains burial vaults for thirty people. There are fifteen vaults on the east and west sides, stacked five horizontally and three vertically. It is a square brick structure, plastered over with smooth stucco and scored to give the appearance of ashlar. A porch surrounds the vaults on all four sides, with solid masonry corners and openings on each side supported by a span of three cast iron columns. The low-pitched masonry roof is topped by a granite orb and cross.</p><br>
<p>The Carter House State Historic Site is a historic house at 1140 Columbia Avenue in Franklin, Tennessee. In that house, the Carter family hid in the basement waiting for the second Battle of Franklin to end. It is a Tennessee Historical Commission State Historic Site, managed by the non-profit organization The Battle of Franklin Trust under an agreement with the Tennessee Historical Commission. The house is a contributing property and centerpiece of the Franklin Battlefield, a USA National Historic Landmark historic district.</p><br>
<p>Fountain Branch Carter completed construction of the house in 1830. The federal style brick farm house was accompanied by several other outbuildings such as the farm office, smokehouse, and kitchen. In the 1850s, Carter built a cotton gin on his property that became a much-remembered landmark during the Second Battle of Franklin in 1864. Though the cotton gin no longer stands, the house and the other three buildings are still intact and illustrate the horror of the Civil War battle with over a thousand bullet holes still visible.</p><br>
<p>The Carter House played a very important role in the Second Battle of Franklin. Prior to the fight, the house was taken over as the headquarters of the Twenty-Third Army Corps commanded by Brigadier General Jacob D. Cox. Federal breastworks were erected just south of the home extending to both the east and west of Columbia Pike. The Carter family took refuge in the basement of their home during the battle.</p><br>
<p>The middle son of Fountain Branch Carter, Tod Carter, was mortally wounded in the battle. He was still alive the morning after the battle when he was found and brought to the house. There he lived for several more hours, surrounded by his distraught family. Tod Carter died of his wounds December 2, 1864, and was buried in Rest Haven Cemetery just north of town. He came home for the first time in over three years when he fought at the Battle of Franklin in the 20th Tennessee Infantry. The room where Tod Carter died is one of the highlights of the guided tour of the home today.</p><br>
<p>Tours of the Carter House and grounds are available daily. The State of Tennessee has owned the house since it was purchased to save it from demolition in 1953. As one of the Tennessee Historical Commission&#39;s 18 State Historic Sites, the property is administered by the Battle of Franklin Trust, a non-profit organization that also oversees Carnton Plantation.</p><br>
<p>The Peter C. DuBois House is located on Slocum Road in the Dutchess Junction neighborhood of the city of Beacon, New York, United States. It was one of the last significant Greek Revival buildings in the Hudson Valley. In the 20th century, it would be reused as a sanatorium and altered with the addition of a third story. Today it is once again a dwelling. In 2004 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>DuBois, a descendant of Huguenot immigrants to nearby Kingston, settled in the area on a 280-acre (1.1 km) farm, part of land then in the Town of Fishkill his family had long owned. The house was built from brick made of local clay on lands leased from him. Granite quarried in the Hudson Highlands to the south was also used as exterior framing and trim. The house stands on a small rise that overlooks the Highlands and the river, a common practice for manor houses in colonial times.</p><br>
<p>Greek Revival, the preferred architectural style for many grand homes in the area, was nearing the end of its era. Newer fortunes in the era were being made from commerce, not agriculture, and those who made them preferred a different style of home. Andrew Jackson Downing of nearby Newburgh and other architects were criticizing Greek Revivals pretense and championing instead various rustic Gothic Revival styles for the cottages they were building, which sought to harmonize with the surrounding natural environment instead of implying dominance as DuBoiss, and other large colonial landowners, did. DuBois&#39;s would be the last Hudson Valley manor built in the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>His farm did not last much beyond his death in 1869, and his heirs subdivided and sold it, keeping only the house property. In 1927 DuBois&#39;s grandson sold the house and 67 acres (27 ha) to Dr. Clarence J. Slocum, who had been operating Craig House, a sanatorium on a neighboring parcel and wanted to expand. He added a third floor to the house, a common occurrence for many old farmhouses being modernized at the time, and many more bathrooms and bedrooms, using brick that mimicked the original style and color as much as possible. The renovations as a whole preserved the original aesthetic of house while adapting it for institutional reuse.</p><br>
<p>After Slocums death in 1950 the sanatorium fell on hard times, and had become a nursing home when it closed after Slocums son retired in the 1980s. Like DuBoiss farm, Slocums asylum was eventually subdivided and sold, and newer homes have been built along the street named after him. The whole area was ceded to Beacon by Fishkill in the late 1990s in order to better provide services to it. The house remained vacant for a time after the closure of the sanatorium and redevelopment but has recently become occupied again.</p><br>
<p>The Arch Street Meeting House, at 320 Arch Street at the corner of 4th Street in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is a Meeting House of the Religious Society of Friends . Built to reflect Friends&#39; testimonies of simplicity and equality, this building is little changed after more than two centuries of continuous use.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania founder and Quaker William Penn deeded land to the Society of Friends in 1701 to be used as a burial ground. The east wing and center of the meetinghouse was built between 1803 and 1805 according to a design by the Quaker master-builder Owen Biddle Jr. Biddle is best known as the author of a builders handbook, The Young Carpenters Assistant, published in 1805.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Meeting House continues to be a center for worship and the activities of the Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting.</p><br>
<p>Notable members of the Religious Society of Friends who worshiped at this meetinghouse include abolitionists and woman rights advocates, Sarah and Angelina Grimke. Edward Hicks, the noted painter and cousin of Elias Hicks, also attended meeting here.</p><br>
<p>The meetinghouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 2011. The latter designation was as a consequence of the building being the only surviving documented work by Owen Biddle.</p><br>
<h2>Historical museum</h2><br>
<p>The, an entity of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, has responsibility for the building and grounds. Its mission is to “preserve, operate, and interpret the meeting house and grounds which will serve to increase public understanding of the impact and continued relevance of Quakers and Quaker history.”</p><br>
<p>The East Room has dioramas representing significant events of the Quaker experience in Pennsylvania and North America as well as artifacts offering views into common experiences of Friends. The West Room, still used for large Quaker gatherings and private events, features interpretive panels about Friends’ worship. Notable in the West Room is the sounding board on the south wall, amplifying the voices of Friends seated on benches facing the congregation so that they could be heard throughout the balconied room.</p><br>
<p>The Reception Room in the center of the building has display cases which change seasonally as well as a small collection of religious books on open shelves.</p><br>
<p>The Meeting Room is used by the Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia for weekly worship services and is often open to view. Notable in this room are the horsehair-filled bench cushions.</p><br>
<p>The building’s basement has restrooms, and its second floor houses administrative offices and private meeting rooms not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The building is open seasonally from Thursday to Sunday. The grounds are open from 9 am to dusk year round.</p><br>
<p>Arch Street Meeting House is featured on the cover of the 2018 edition of, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting&#39;s book of discipline (standards and practices).</p><br>
<p>A Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission marker at the front of the building. It was dedicated on December 17, 1954.</p><br>
<h2>Place of worship</h2><br>
<p>The Arch Street Meeting House is a landmark building within the over 100 monthly meetings of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, Friends would come from Philadelphia Yearly Meeting’s four-state geographic area to conduct annual business at its midsummer “sessions”. The meeting house was also the home of the Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia, which has met here since its completion in 1805.</p><br>
<p>As of 2024, the Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia has two weekly meetings for worship. Philadelphia Yearly Meeting holds two of its three annual business meetings, known as “continuing sessions”, in the West Room. Because of its central location and historic significance, Friends meet at Arch Street for other events during the year.</p><br>
<h2>Revitalization</h2><br>
<p>The trustees of the Preservation Trust initiated a program in 2022 to revitalize the building’s infrastructure and exhibits. Because of its adjacency to the National Park Service’s Independence National Historical Park, the Trust incorporated local architectural, historic, and NPS standards into the planning process as well as Friends’ own attention to energy conservation.</p><br>
<p>As of 2024, work is underway to increase the electrical service to the building to permit conversion of its gas boiler to an efficient heating and cooling system. Lighting will be improved and the fire suppression system will be upgraded. In the East Room, the exhibits will be refreshed to offer a more contemporary and inclusive interpretation of the Quaker experience and the testimonies of Friends.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>The ground upon which the meetinghouse was built was the first burial ground for Quakers in Philadelphia. Although the plot was officially given to the Society of Friends by William Penn in 1701, burials had been taking place here since as early as 1683. According to reports, Quakers were buried here alongside of “Indians, Blacks and strangers.”</p><br>
<p>Notable interments include:</p><br>
<p>Charles Brockden Brown (1771–1810), the first American novelist (Wieland)</p><br>
<p>Samuel Carpenter (1649–1714) and most of his family and his brother Abraham Carpenter (a non-member who married a Quaker) were buried in the Friends Burial Ground. Samuel was a Deputy Governor under William Penn and the "First Treasurer" of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Lydia Darrah (1728–1789), Revolutionary War spy</p><br>
<p>John Eckley (1652–1690), First purchaser, merchant, and judge of the Provincial Court in Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>James Logan (1674–1751), secretary to William Penn</p><br>
<p>Samuel Nicholas (1744–1790), founder and first commandant of the United States Marine Corps.</p><br>
<p>Robert Waln (1765–1836), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Caspar Wistar (1761–1818), American physician, professor of anatomy and vice president of the American Philosophical Society. Wistar mentored Meriwether Lewis before Lewis joined William Clark on the expedition to cross the western part of the continent.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Wynne (1627–1691), personal physician to William Penn and one of the original settlers of Philadelphia in the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania. Born in Wales, he accompanied Penn on his original journey to America on the ship Welcome.</p><br>
<p>The St. James–Belgravia Historic District, within Old Louisville, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It comprises St. James Court  and Belgravia Court . It is bordered to the north by Louisville&#39;s Central Park. The area was the site of the Southern Exposition and now hosts the St. James Court Art Show which takes place annually the first weekend of October. Belgravia Court takes its name from Belgravia, an affluent district in London, England. Belgravia Court has no immediate street access for vehicles and is a "walking court" with a common green area and parallel sidewalks. St. James Court features two important houses: the Conrad–Caldwell House, and the Pink Palace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of St. James and Belgravia Courts is part of the broader story of what is now known as Old Louisville. As the city continued to develop south of the Ohio River, areas like this were used for various purposes over time. The land that is today St. James and Belgravia was at one time used for truck-farming and by 1875 became the site of a baseball park. The land was later cleared, buildings were erected, and it hosted the Southern Exposition from 1883 to 1887. The exhibition was held on 23 acres of open land south of Central Park.</p><br>
<p>After the close of the Exposition, the buildings were razed, and William H. Slaughter began acquiring the land in 1889. By June 1890, the Courier Journal reported that William H. Slaughter purchased 52 lots of land between S. Fourth and S. Sixth Streets. The report also detailed his plan to develop a new area of homes that would “result in the establishment of one of the most beautiful residence sites in this city of beautiful residences.” The announcement noted without explanation that this new area would be named St. James Court. Although not stated, the selection of the names St. James and Belgravia, with their connections to London, England, were meant to enhance the exclusiveness of this new area and these new homes.</p><br>
<h3>St. James Court</h3><br>
<p>The plan announced in the Courier Journal in June 1890 described the layout of the homes, sidewalks, streets, trees, and common green space. What would have been S. Fifth Street became an open green space that was 800 feet long by 125 feet wide and flanked by single lane streets flanking the green space. Homes were set back from the streets paralleling the central green space. The planned homes were fronted by sidewalks and rows of shade trees. In this original design, the landscape plan also called for three fountains, although only one was eventually installed.</p><br>
<p>The orientation of the long, wide central green space and the tall shade trees lining the perimeter echo the pattern of the central nave of a cathedral with trees forming columns and a canopied vault overhead. Walking the length of the central green space delivers a sense of progression and expansiveness given the overall proportions. The cathedral pattern continues with the dual streets forming aisles, a second row of trees providing additional columns, and the homes themselves forming proportional chapels along the perimeters. None of the surviving reports note a designer nor a specific precedent. The overall design, symmetry, and proportions of all the elements harmonize well together.</p><br>
<p>Slaughter&#39;s plan in 1890 included later developments of a stable for homeowners to house their horses and carriages, and a club or restaurant for residential entertainment.</p><br>
<p>In July 1890, Slaughter began working with a development group known as the Victoria Land Company to develop the court. The Victoria Land Company, composed of Messrs. John D. Taggard, John Stites, George H. Moore, and George Birob, acquired the entire tract of land from Slaughter for the price of $300,000. Leading residents of the city acquired lots from the Victoria Land Company and built homes over the next decade. Each home is unique and represents a distinctive expression of Victorian architecture and of Louisville&#39;s prosperity and growth. Nearly all the lots were sold and developed into single family homes.</p><br>
<p>One lot directly across from the central fountain was sold by the Victoria Land Company to Oscar Turner Jr. The Phillips Investment Company began developing this lot in 1895 into a five-story apartment building. Dr. L.S. McMurtry filed suit against Turner and Phillips Investment Company to prevent the development of the apartment building on the grounds that it violated the terms of the deed transfers for St James. The case alleged that when the property was subdivided the terms stipulated that the lots should be “used exclusively for the erection of private residences, according to a plan of uniformity and symmetry”. Neighbors objected not only to the height of the structure, but also to the nature of rental units and a proposed restaurant in the basement of the building. The apartment building was ultimately built with all five stories and stood eighty-two feet high. The upper floors of the building were damaged by fire in February 1912, and the building was refurbished and redesigned with only the current three stories.</p><br>
<p>Most homes on St. James (and Belgravia Court) were built between 1892 and 1905. Unfortunately, it was not long after the area was developed that the seeds of its decline took root and grew. A longer summary of the decline of Old Louisville provides more detail, but those same factors quickly affected St. James and Belgravia Courts. Changes in transportation (autos, street cars, and rail) and increased costs for domestic help made these homes less desirable within a couple decades of being built. The Great Depression in 1929, the Ohio River Flood of 1937, and two World Wars accelerated the decline. By 1952 the deterioration in Old Louisville was obvious, but St. James and Belgravia retained much of their charm and distinctiveness. To reverse this decline and to market the value of the architecture, neighbors came together to start a fundraiser for St. James, and in 1957 they held the first St. James Court Art Show.</p><br>
<h3>Belgravia Court</h3><br>
<p>Belgravia Court was also developed by the Victoria Land Company simultaneously with St. James Court. St. James runs north and south between Fourth and Sixth Streets, while Belgravia runs perpendicular to St. James and crosses it near the south end Hill Street intersection. There is little documentation for the design and planning of Belgravia, and it appears that it was simply part of the larger plan for the St. James area. The Courier Journal reports deed transfers contemporaneous with those of St. James from the Victoria Land Company to individuals who purchased lots and built homes. The first three houses built on the court were originally numbered 3, 7 and 9 but are now numbered 504, 510 and 512. Mr. Southern K. Davie, a dealer in leaf tobacco, built the home at 504. The first residents of number 510 were newly weds Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Ridgely. (Mr. Ridgely was an author and political appointee under President Grover Cleveland.) From those first houses in 1891 through 1901/1902, buyers purchased lots and built homes in a variety of late Victorian styles.</p><br>
<p>Belgravia&#39;s design copies that of St. James with a central common green space that is flanked by parallel sidewalks and two rows of tall shade trees. It also resembles the cathedral pattern of nave, aisles, columns, and side chapels. Belgravia is distinctly different in two important ways, however. First, Belgravia is on a significantly smaller scale. Whereas homes on St. James may average around 7,000 sq. ft. per house, homes on Belgravia average around 3,000-3,500 sq. ft. The common spaces are also reduced in size. Those size reductions lead to the second distinction from St. James, and that is that Belgravia is strictly a pedestrian court. There are two parallel sidewalks running the length of the court that mirror the one-way streets on St. James, but no access for carriages in the 1890s or later for automobiles. The architect Philip Johnson, who toured Belgravia in 1952, said that Belgravia was “a wonderful place”. He appreciated Belgravia because “of the sense of enclosed space you get in there. And no cars honking, tearing the spaces apart.”</p><br>
<h2>Significant structures</h2><br>
<h3>The Conrad–Caldwell House Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Conrad–Caldwell House, once nicknamed "Conrad&#39;s Castle", was built 1893 by Arthur Loomis for Theophile Conrad and his wife, Mary. Mr. Conrad found his fortune in the tanning business. After Conrad died on February 13, 1905, William E. Caldwell bought it for his family&#39;s residence and called it their home for 35 years. In 1947 the local Presbyterian church acquired it, and for the next forty years it was the Rose Anna Hughes Presbyterian Retirement Home.</p><br>
<p>This building&#39;s style is Richardsonian-Romanesque. Made of Bedford (Indiana) limestone, it cost "at least $35,000" to build. Its vertical framework comes from its heavy corner towers features and turrets that are one of three shapes: coned, hexagonal, and pyramid shaped. Randomly placed on the building are carving of animals, gargoyles, and other objects, fenestration, and intricate foliation. As fitting for a house to receive members of society in the Victorian Era, the interior features elaborately carved fireplaces, stained-glass windows, high ceilings in parlors and dining rooms, with carved arched fretwork leading the way into these rooms from the reception hall with its large staircase. The interior woodwork is cherry, bird&#39;s eye maple, and golden oak. Known for its parquet flooring, the designs mimic quilt patterns and feature the woodwork in the room.</p><br>
<p>The St. James Court Historic Foundation, Inc, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization, has owned the building since 1987, and uses it for a museum. The building complex also offers rental spaces for a variety of uses.</p><br>
<h3>The Pink Palace</h3><br>
<p>Located at the corner of St. James and Belgravia Courts, the Pink Palace, built in 1891, was not originally a home, but an exclusive Gentleman&#39;s Club and Casino for the residents of the Court.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson County Women&#39;s Christian Temperance Union purchased the property on May 28, 1948, and held the property until September 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Landward House, also known as the Robinson-Marvin-Wheeler House, is a brick Italianate mansion in Louisville, Kentucky. It has a limestone facade and projected entrance. There are 22 rooms and six bathrooms in this three-story building. Dr. Stuart Robinson used the mansion as his office. The garden was created by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. in 1929. The tertiary garden features a vegetable garden, a labyrinth garden, and an informal side garden. The St. James Court Art Show uses its carriage house for its office.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 1973.</p><br>
<p>It is adjacent to the National Register-listed St. James-Belgravia Historic District, which was the site of the 1883 Southern Exposition.</p><br>
<p>The Pendleton Center for the Arts is an arts center located in the historic former Umatilla County Library building, also known as Pendleton Public Library in Pendleton, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The center is located in Pendleton&#39;s 1915 Carnegie library building near the Umatilla River. The Italian Renaissance Revival-style building was one of the thousands funded by steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie in the early 1900s. The library served as the Umatilla County Library, then as the Pendleton Public Library, until 1996 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>After serving for more than 80 years as a library and community gathering place, the building was renovated by the Arts Council of Pendleton into a multi-venue arts facility.</p><br>
<h2>Galleries and facilities</h2><br>
<p>The 1,800 ft2 East Oregonian Gallery provides a venue for professional and emerging artists from the region and also presents a wide range of art from across the country and around the world through traveling exhibitions and special events.</p><br>
<p>The Lorenzen Board Room Gallery features exhibits by local community members, often sharing their work for the first time.</p><br>
<p>The 110-seat Pearson Auditorium provides a venue for live music performances.</p><br>
<p>The Pendleton Foundation Trust Fine Craft Gallery features work by more than 50 artisans from the Pacific Northwest, showcasing their newest work and many one-of-a-kind offerings.</p><br>
<p>The center makes its rooms available to the public for rental.</p><br>
<h2>Studios and classes</h2><br>
<p>The center has painting, ceramics and digital arts studios, where community members can take a class or work independently in a wide range of media. A full slate of music classes are available as well.</p><br>
<p>The center&#39;s Art Rocks Teens (A.R.T.) program offers free after-school and summer classes to 13- to 18-year-olds. Designed by the teens themselves, the classes cover a wide range of visual and performing arts, including garage band, film making, costume, and jewelry design.</p><br>
<p>Other free classes include "Free for All", a free 30 minute class for youngsters under age 10 years each Saturday at 10 am, and "Hip & Handmade", a free one-hour class for adults each Saturday at 11:00 am. Both classes are drop-in format, no pre-registration is required.</p><br>
<p>Dutchess Manor was a restaurant and catering hall located along NY 9D in the Town of Fishkill, New York, United States, between the city of Beacon and Breakneck Ridge. It is one of the most distinctive Hudson Valley buildings in the Second Empire architectural style, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 2020, the building was purchased by, a nonprofit organization behind the planning of a 7.5-mile linear park in the Hudson Highlands.</p><br>
<p>Originally built as a country house, it was constructed ca. 1867–1868 for grain merchant James Wade and his wife Louisa Van Amburgh Wade. Louisa&#39;s Dutch-American family had owned the property for decades prior, using it as farmland. The couple commissioned architect George E. Harney, based in nearby Cold Spring and Newburgh, to design the house and two outbuildings. It has many common elements of the Second Empire style, such as quoining on the corners and a mansard roof.</p><br>
<p>Francis Timoney, an Irish immigrant and local brickyard owner, began occupying the house in 1889. The nearby New York Central Water Level Route gave him and the other brickmakers in the area easy access to New York City and other area markets, allowing him to do well enough to maintain the estate.</p><br>
<p>The building was converted into a restaurant starting in the 1940s, with the upper floors used for managerial and residential purposes. It was until 2020 a popular site in the area for functions, especially weddings, due to the views of the river and nearby Hudson Highlands. The south and west wings were extended to accommodate diners and are no longer considered historic elements of the property. The carriage house, now converted to apartments, has not been altered as much and is considered a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>will adapt the building as its future visitor center, projected to open in 2025.</p><br>
<p>Boscobel House and Gardens is a historic house museum in Garrison, New York, overlooking the Hudson River. The house was built in the early 19th century for States Dyckman. It is considered a significant example of the Federal style of American architecture, augmented indoors by a scheme of decorative elements and a collection of furniture, which, while not original to the house, are considered to be representative of the Federal period.</p><br>
<p>Dyckman built the house in the Westchester County hamlet of Montrose. In an effort to save the house from demolition in the mid-20th century, preservationists arranged for it to move 15 mi upriver to its current location, one mile south of the village of Cold Spring, Putnam County, along New York State Route 9D.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>Boscobel&#39;s distinguishing feature is the unusual delicacy conveyed by the front facade and its ornamentation. Unique among Federal style buildings, carved wooden swags in the shape of drapery, complete with tassels and bowknots, grace the top of the second-story balcony. Nearly one-third of the face is glass, with flanking lights integrated into contemporary windows used in the restoration to enhance the effect. The windows are slightly recessed, and the front clapboards are closely fitted and matched in an apparent effort to suggest masonry.</p><br>
<p>Some alterations during the relocation and reconstruction include the rear entrance and stairway, required by contemporary fire code, were added in 1958, and a former dirt-floored room in the basement was turned into a visitors&#39; bathroom.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the house is a permanent sculpture garden with ten bronze busts of significant Hudson River School artists. The work of Greg Wyatt, director of the Newington-Cropsey Foundation Academy of Art, they were donated by the foundation. Boscobel was chosen because of its location in the Hudson Highlands, a popular subject of the school&#39;s painters, and rough geographic center of Hudson River School artist homes and the landscapes that they painted.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>States Dyckman, a descendant of early Dutch settlers of Manhattan, had managed to retain his family fortune despite being an active Loyalist and working in the British Army&#39;s Quartermaster Corps for most of the war, keeping the accounts of various quartermasters. When Sir William Erskine, Quartermaster General, returned to England in 1779 to face an audit and investigation for war profiteering, he asked Dyckman to accompany him. He remained in England ten years, participating in other investigations of quartermasters and only returned to the newly independent United States in 1789.</p><br>
<p>While in London he associated with many wealthy members of society and acquired their tastes, particularly for the neoclassical buildings of Robert Adam. He bought many furnishings and decorative objects, such as a Wedgwood dinner service, and had them shipped back to the United States with him.</p><br>
<p>With the interest on a sizable life annuity granted him by Sir William Erskine, Dyckman intended to form an estate on 250 acres (1 km) near Montrose and named it Boscobel, perhaps after Boscobel House in Shropshire (itself named for the Italianate bosco bello, "pretty woodland"), symbolizing his Anglophilia. According to one biographer, he saw himself as a "conspicuously well-fixed farmer, surrounded with objects of taste...who did not farm too seriously". He began this process by marrying Elizabeth Corne, daughter of another Loyalist family, in 1794. But within a year he faced financial difficulties, the halt of Erskine&#39;s annuity by his heirs after his death and his own lavish tastes and generous gifts to less fortunate family members contributing to reduce his circumstances.</p><br>
<p>Dyckman returned to London in 1799, expecting to mend his fortunes and return to his wife, son and daughter within a year. Instead he remained three years, finishing the remaining quartermasters investigation under John Dalrymple, himself once one of the inquirys targets. He restored his fortunes by persuading the Erskines to restore their annuity and negotiating an extremely generous settlement with Dalrymple and the other quartermasters whom he had helped clear, apparently by manipulating evidence.</p><br>
<p>Wealthier but injured and ailing, Dyckman returned to the United States in 1803 and began the construction process for the house he had long planned. It is possible that he had blueprints drawn up in England, since work began within six months of his return. The architect is not known, although surviving records show that a William Vermilye was heavily involved as construction manager. Dyckman died in 1806, before it was finished. His widow had it completed, and she and their surviving son moved into it in 1808.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>The family retained ownership of the house until 1920. For the next 35 years, under subsequent owners, it frequently faced the possibility of being demolished. In 1955 an organization called Friends of Boscobel saved it from a contractor who had bid $35 to knock it down after the Veterans&#39; Administration had built a hospital on the site. They arranged for it to be moved to a similar location upriver, near Cold Spring, a year later, using photographs from the Historic American Buildings Survey to guide the reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Lila Acheson Wallace, co-founder of Reader&#39;s Digest, had at first anonymously provided the $50,000 donation to make the move and reconstruction possible. As Friends of Boscobel became Boscobel Restoration, Inc., she took a more public role as a director, particularly in overseeing the landscaping and interior decoration.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilt home was formally reopened on May 21, 1961, at a ceremony attended by then-Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who praised it as "one of the most beautiful homes ever built in America". Lila Acheson Wallace later spearheaded the development of a 40-minute sound and light show on the grounds, which ran twice a week in summers until the late 1970s. Around that time, new papers of Dyckman&#39;s were discovered, and the house was closed for six months in 1977 while it was redecorated in a manner more consistent with his recorded tastes. It opened again that summer to high praise.</p><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>The house is open every day of the week (except Tuesdays and holidays) from April through December. The second Tuesday of each month is set aside to allow artists free entry to paint or sketch on the grounds. Visitors are allowed to picnic on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Performances of the Hudson Valley Shakespeare Festival took place under a tent during the summer months through 2021.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Grove Plantation, also known as the Charles Walker House, is a Greek Revival plantation house located near Faunsdale, Marengo County, Alabama. It is notable in having been the residence of Nicola Marschall for a brief period while the Walker family owned the property. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 13 July 1993 as a part of the Plantation Houses of the Alabama Canebrake and Their Associated Outbuildings Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house had its beginnings in 1830 with the construction of a two-story log house by Dougal and Malcolm McAlpin, two brothers from Scotland. The former log house is believed to have been incorporated into the main house to become the dining room and a bedroom. The house remained under construction until 1858.</p><br>
<p>Nicola Marschall was a friend of the Walker family and lived with them briefly at their home. The two-story schoolhouse behind the main house is believed to have been used by him as a studio during his time there. This schoolhouse served as a school for children in the area until 1925. The house remained in the Walker family until 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story frame structure with a gabled roof and double veranda. It is built in a vernacular Greek Revival style. The original porch was altered in 1915 from a one-story design with simple turned wooden columns, spanned by arched latticework, to the multi-level configuration with paneled box columns seen today.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee National Capitol , now the Cherokee National History Museum, is a historic tribal government building in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Completed in 1869, it served as the capitol building of the Cherokee Nation from 1869 to 1907, when Oklahoma became a state. It now serves as the site of the tribal supreme court and judicial branch. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 for its role in the Nation&#39;s history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cherokee Nation first established a republican form of government in 1820, while still occupying their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States. The tribe was one of several forcibly relocated to what is now Oklahoma during the Trail of Tears of the 1830s. The Nation reestablished its government quickly, in 1838, following the removal, with Tahlequah as its capital. In addition to establishing its courts and council, the Nation built seminaries for both male and female students, as education was highly valued.</p><br>
<p>Early government meetings of the Nation were held out in the open, with later meetings in log structures. A courthouse was built in the 1840s, but most of the citys public buildings were destroyed during the American Civil War. This building was constructed from 1867-1869, after peace had been restored to the region. The buildings style, a late interpretation of the Italianate, is unusual for Oklahoma. The architect was C. W. Goodlander. Originally it housed the nation&#39;s court as well as other offices, and was used for tribal council meetings. It served the tribal government until 1907, when the state of Oklahoma was established and the tribal government was abolished by an act of the United States Congress.</p><br>
<p>The capitol was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The building currently houses the judicial branch of the Cherokee Nation government. In 2013, the nation began a restoration project to preserve the building&#39;s original appearance, including roof repairs with historical-era shingles, new decking, new doors and windows, and adding a cupola to the roof. The project also includes adding a new back porch.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Cherokee Nation Courthouse stands in the center of Courthouse Square, bounded by East Delaware Street, South Water Avenue, East Keetoowah Street, and South Muskogee Avenue. It is a two-story masonry building with neoclassical Italianate style, built out of red brick and white-painted wooden trim. It is five bays wide and seven deep, with slightly projecting sections consisting of the center three bays on each side. Each of these is topped by a pedimented gable with a dentillated cornice. The wall bays are articulated by piers, and have segmented-arch windows on the ground floor and rounded-arch windows on the second. There are entrances on the east and west ends, the main entrance on the west side sheltered by a 20th-century brick vestibule.</p><br>
<p>The Van Ness Mausoleum was designed by George Hadfield. It is said to be a copy of the Temple of Vesta in Rome.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mausoleum was constructed in 1824 for the daughter, Ann Elbertina Middleton, and granddaughter, Marcia Helen Middleton, of Washington City mayor John Peter Van Ness and Marcia Burns Van Ness. Built at an estimated cost of $34,000 with space for 18, it ultimately held 7, including John Peter Van Ness, who was interred inside in 1847. The mausoleum was moved by Colonel W. H. Philip to Oak Hill Cemetery in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C., in 1872. The structure was put on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The H. D. Champlin & Son Horseshoeing and Wagonmaking shop building is located on Main Street  in Nelsonville, New York, United States. It is a typical commercial structure for a common business of the late 19th century that survives in good condition. In 1982 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Champlin started his business in 1858 in a building on nearby Spring Street behind the present property. His name does not show up on maps at that site until 1876, and only by 1912 does the current, one-story brick building appear on any map of the village.</p><br>
<p>The entranceway was expanded and a larger door installed at some point before then. It is used today as a garage.</p><br>
<p>The Costen House is a historic USA home located at 206 Market Street, Pocomoke City, Maryland, United States. Dr. Isaac Thomas Costen built the house c. 1870s and members of his family lived there for over a century. Dr. Costen became the first Mayor of Pocomoke City. The house currently serves as The Isaac Costen House Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Costen House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>The Isaac Costen House Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Isaac Costen House Museum provides information on the Costen family and how people in the area lived during 1870–1920. The grounds of the museum also includes The Hall-Walton Memorial Garden.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Cold Spring Cemetery Gatehouse is located along Peekshill Road in Nelsonville, New York, United States. It is a cut granite Gothic Revival cottage built in 1863, one of the earliest uses of that style in the Hudson Highlands. It is used as a house today and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story building of coursed granite with a jerkinhead roof cross-gabled on both north and south (front and back). The roof is pierced by a brick chimney; the arched projecting front entrance is flanked by lancet windows. The east facade, facing the cemetery, has a porch whose roof is supported by four pillars with decorative brackets. There is a projecting bay window on the west side. Both gables are topped by two dormer windows. Opposite the house is a small stone booth with lancet windows, connected to the cemetery&#39;s stone wall.</p><br>
<p>The Cold Spring Rural Cemetery Association bought a 30 acre parcel in Nelsonville shortly after its formation in 1862. New York City architectural and landscape gardening firm Mead and Woodward were hired to design the grounds while Woodwards frequent collaborator George E. Harney worked on the gatehouse. It was finished by 1865 in time for its photograph to be used in the associations bylaws pamphlet.</p><br>
<p>The Mt. Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run is a venue for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton in the United States, located at the Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex in Lake Placid, New York. This venue was used for the 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics and for the only winter Goodwill Games in 2000. The track hosted both the first FIBT World Championships and FIL World Luge Championships held outside of Europe, doing so in 1949 and 1983. The third and most recent version of the track was completed in 2000. In 2010 the bobsled track was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bobsled track was built in 1930. The following year, Popular Science reported that it was "... called the only scientifically constructed bobsled run in America and the only one of its kind in the world." According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>Carved out of wilderness and surrounded by forested land on all sides, the one and one-half mile long Olympic Bobsled Run was constructed in 1930 and built specifically for the 1932 Winter Olympic Games. The course was designed by Stanislaus Sentzytsky, a renowned German course designer, who designed a course that was radically different from its European counterparts. The Lake Placid course was longer, steeper, and featured a more pronounced drop in curves than European runs, which allowed for steadier driving and faster speeds than those obtained on prior bobsled events. After the American team won two gold medals and one silver in 1932, bobsledding, previously unknown in America, captivated the country’s interest, and USA teams dominated the sport until 1956. Although portions of the course have been retired, parts of the original Olympic Bobsled Run continue to be used for training and recreation.</p><br>
<p>As Mt. Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run, the structure was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 4, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the 1932 Winter Olympics, bobsleigh racing took place at the steep hill where the Intervales ski jump would eventually be located. The attendees were delighted by the speeds of the bobsleds though several teams crashed during the run, sending two members of one team to the hospital as a result. The Intervales track only lasted one season (1929–30). Led by Henry Homburger, the first track was surveyed and constructed during 1929-30 at Mount Van Hoevenberg, located in the Whiteface Mountain area though it was in spite of protests of using state-owned lands for construction of the facility for environmental reasons. After construction took place during August–December 1930, the track opened for use on Christmas Day 1930. This track was 2.366 km in length with 26 curves with a vertical drop of 228 m, and an average grade of 9.6%.</p><br>
<p>After 1932, the upper 0.829 km and ten curves of the track were eliminated, shortening the track&#39;s length to 1.537 km with 16 curves and an average grade of 9.3%. In 1949, the track became the first venue outside of Europe to host the FIBT World Championships though it would start with tragic results when Belgian Max Houben was killed during a practice run off of "Shady" curve prior to the event; the Belgian team withdrew as a result.</p><br>
<p>Another twelve years passed before the track hosted another world championship following safety improvements to the track. Sergio Zardini&#39;s fatal crash at the "Zig-Zag curves" on 22 February 1966 led to further safety improvements.</p><br>
<p>Following the world bobsleigh championships of 1969, 1973, and 1978, many race officials of those championships served on the organizing committee for the bobsleigh part of the 1980 Winter Olympics. In 1978 actual construction took place during September 1978-February 1979 with the creation of a reinforced concrete, artificially refrigerated bobsleigh track. The bobsleigh track was approved for competition in December 1979. In fall 1977, a separate luge track for the 1980 Games, the first one in the United States, was constructed with completion in time for the test competition in February 1979. During preparations for the 1980 Games, a combined two-man bobsleigh and luge track was considered but abandoned due to high cost, and the track was redesigned with permission from the International Luge Federation (FIL). Following the 1980 games, both tracks hosted their respective world championships in 1983. The 1932 track continued to be used strictly for passenger riding after the new combined track was sanctioned.</p><br>
<p>Skeleton racing debuted during the 1990s with the bobsleigh part of the track hosting the world championships in 1997. By the late 1990s, parts of both tracks were demolished to make way for a new track, completed in January 2000, that was constructed for the 2000 Winter Goodwill Games. The track has been part of the Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex since the end of the 1980 Winter Olympics as part of the Olympic Regional Development Authority (ORDA).</p><br>
<p>Since 2006, it has hosted the Chevy Geoff Bodine Bobsled Challenge, an annual event which has NASCAR drivers take a run down the track to benefit the Bo-Dyn Bobsled Project (co-created by the former NASCAR driver and 1986 Daytona 500 winner), which has been utilized by the United States team since the 1994 Winter Olympics. In 2009, the competition included both NASCAR and the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) and was won by Jeg Coughlin Jr. (NHRA). The 2010 event took place January 8–10 with Melanie Troxel of the NHRA becoming the first woman to compete in the event.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the track became the first to host bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton world championships in the same year in a non-Winter Olympic year. (The bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Park City, Utah was the first to do so during the 2002 Winter Olympics.)</p><br>
<h2>Current track statistics</h2><br>
<p>The vertical drop is 420 ft; its base area is approximately 2,200 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The track names were given by John Morgan during Speed Channels World Cup bobsleigh coverage on 30 December 2006. Turn one is not listed. Even though luge - mens singles has their starthouse to the right of bobsleigh and skeleton start, the men&#39;s singles start in the same location as the bobsleigh and skeleton.</p><br>
<h2>Previous tracks</h2><br>
<p>The only curves mentioned in the 1932 Winter Olympics official report of the 26 total are shown below:</p><br>
<p>The bobsleigh track used for the 1980 Winter Olympics consisted of 16 curves that was 1.557 km long with a vertical drop of 148 m, a maximum grade of 14.0%, and an average grade of 9.5%.</p><br>
<p>The luge track used for the 1980 Winter Olympics had two different settings to the different start houses used during the competition. For the mens singles event, the track consisted of 14 curves that was 1.014 km long with a vertical drop of 95.55 m, a maximum gradient of 30% and an average grade of 9.35%. In the womens singles and men&#39;s doubles event, the track consisted of 11 curves that was 0.749 km long with a vertical drop of 59 m, a maximum grade of 30%, and an average grade of 9.35%.</p><br>
<h2>Championships hosted</h2><br>
<p>Winter Olympics: 1932, 1980</p><br>
<p>FIBT World Championships: 1949, 1961, 1969, 1973, 1978, 1983, 1997 (mens skeleton), 2003 (Mens bobsleigh), 2009, 2012</p><br>
<p>FIL World Luge Championships: 1983, 2009</p><br>
<p>The Boley Historic District , in Boley, Oklahoma is the original business area of an all-black town founded in 1903. The town of Boley prospered from the time of its incorporation until the onset of the Great Depression. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Boley became the largest and best-known of all the All-Black Towns. African-Americans migrated from other states to escape the Jim Crow Laws that promoted discrimination against them. However, falling farm prices starting in the late 1920s, caused many agricultural workers to move elsewhere in the county, and Boley began to decline.</p><br>
<p>BHD was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<p>It is roughly bounded by Seward Avenue, Walnut and Cedar Streets, and the southern city limits of Boley. The site of the historic district covers 34.5 acres. The district includes 14 buildings or other structures, all built between 1903 and 1921, which are considered supporting structures.</p><br>
<p>More recent construction in Boley has had little or no effect on the historic character of the BHD. According to the NRHP application, "It is still considered by many of the town&#39;s senior residents to be as much the same as before."</p><br>
<p>A group of photographic images attached to the NRHP inventory document have been published on the web. These were taken in 1974, and show that time has not been kind to the buildings and structures that still remain. Many appear to be abandoned or neglected and in various stages of decay.</p><br>
<p>Creek National Capitol, also known as Creek Council House, is a building in downtown Okmulgee, Oklahoma, United States. It was the capitol of the Muscogee  Nation from 1878 until 1907. They had established their capital at Okmulgee in 1867, after the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>After Oklahoma was admitted as a state in 1907, the Creek lost control of this building and communal territory to the United States government, by a 1908 act. It continued to lease the building to recently organized Okmulgee County, Oklahoma for its use. In 1919 the USA Department of the Interior, which had trust responsibility for Creek lands, sold the building and site to the city of Okmulgee.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 the building was declared a National Historic Landmark, and in 1966 it was one of the first listings on National Register of Historic Places. In November 2010 the city sold the building back to the tribe for $3.2 million. The building houses the Creek Council House Museum, featuring artifacts and exhibits about the history of the Muscogee tribe and the arts and crafts of other Native American tribes.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, it was included again on the National Register as a contributing building in the listing of the Okmulgee Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1837 the majority of the Muscogee tribe members were forced to remove from their territory in the Southeast to west of the Mississippi River by the USA government, during what is known as the Trail of Tears. Survivors of the trek reached Indian Territory and held a meeting at the historic Council Oak Tree, in an area that developed as present-day Tulsa.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, tribal unity was tested as members divided over alliance with the Confederacy. Leaders had hoped to maintain neutrality, but many members fought with the Confederacy. After the war, the US required a new peace treaty to be negotiated and also required the tribe to emancipate any enslaved African Americans they held. They became known as Creek Freedmen.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 the Muscogee (Creek) Nation was established in the Indian Territory, with its governmental headquarters in the city of Okmulgee. The next year a double-log, two-story council house was constructed to conduct tribal business. On October 17, 1877, an act was passed by the council and approved by Chief Ward Coachman appropriating $10,000 for the construction of a new capitol building of stone or brick upon the site of the log council house. On January 10, 1878, the old Council House was sold for $60, with the tribe reconvening at the new Council House on September 23. The new Council House contained separate chambers for the executive and judicial branches of the government, with the legislative branch divided into the House of Kings and House of Warriors.</p><br>
<p>In 1906 the USA Congress passed the Five Civilized Tribes Act, ending national self-governance for the Muscogee Creek Nation and the other four tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Seminole. In 1907 the Indian Territory was integrated into the state of Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>That same year, the federal government leased the Muscogee Nation&#39;s Council House to the newly organized Okmulgee County for $2,000 a year to serve as the Okmulgee County Courthouse. This arrangement continued until 1917. In 1908 the USA Congress authorized the Secretary of the Interior to "take possession of all lands belonging to the Five Civilized Tribes, now or heretofore used for government, school, or other tribal purposes...".</p><br>
<p>In 1919 the City of Okmulgee purchased the Creek Council House and its grounds for $100,000, under the supervision of the Department of the Interior. The sale proceeds were deposited in the USA Treasury in the name of the tribe. In the 1920s the City of Okmulgee heard proposals for the Council House either to be torn down or adapted as a private hotel. This redevelopment was ended after popular entertainer Will Rogers (Cherokee) visited the city and called for the Council House to be preserved, appealing to supporters of this view.</p><br>
<p>On April 24, 1923, activists founded the Creek Indian Memorial Association (CIMA) to protect the historical monuments of the Muscogee tribe. In 1934 the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act was passed to help the tribes regain their sovereign status. (This was during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, when federal legislation had authorized tribes to restore self-government.) From the 1930s into 1960s, the City of Okmulgee used the Creek Council House variously as a sheriff&#39;s office, a Boy Scout meeting room, and a YMCA.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 the Council House and the grounds around it were listed on the National Register of Historic Places; it was designated as a National Historic Landmark, of great significance. In 1970 Congress passed legislation authorizing the Five Tribes to democratically elect their chiefs.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the Muscogee (Creek) Nation elected Claude Cox as chief. In 1979 the Muscogee (Creek) Nation adopted a new constitution to replace the one from 1867, and established a representative self-government. The tribal government was restructured to have executive, legislative, and judicial branches. They also created departments for education and health were created. As they reorganized, they identified land for sites for construction of tribal governmental buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 the CIMA raised $1 million to restore the Creek Council House for use as a museum. They gained non-profit, 501-C-3 tax exempt status for their organization and such use. In 1992 the restoration of the Council House was completed, and the building was opened as a history museum of the Muscogee Nation.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the Creek Council House Museum received the National Preservation Honor Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation for this restoration. In 1997 the City of Okmulgee agreed to pay the CIMA $149,650 annually to operate the museum.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 the CIMA changed its name to The Creek Council House Museum Association. In August 2010, after several months of negotiations, the City of Okmulgee agreed to sell the Council House back to the Muscogee (Creek) Nation for $3.2 million. Two months later, a ceremony was held to commemorate the Muscogee Nation&#39;s regaining ownership of their former capitol.</p><br>
<p>The Guthrie Historic District  is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the commercial core of Guthrie, Oklahoma, US. According to its National Historic Landmark Nomination it is roughly bounded by Oklahoma Avenue on the north, Broad Street on the east, Harrison Avenue on the south, and the railroad tracks on the west; it also includes 301 W. Harrison Avenue. The National Historic Landmarks Program on-line document describes the boundaries as "14th Street, College Avenue, Pine Street and Lincoln Avenue. One building, the Logan County Courthouse, is at 301 E. Harrison Avenue, outside the main boundaries of the GHD," This article relies on the former source, which is more detailed. According to the 1998 nomination, the proposed district covered 31 acres. The nomination included 112 resources, classed as 69 contributing buildings, 38 non-contributing buildings, 1 non-contributing structure and 3 noncontributing objects. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1999 for its historic significance as the first capital of the Oklahoma Territory and of Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h2>Period of significance</h2><br>
<p>The period of significance is defined as 1889 to 1910, when most of the contributing buildings were erected. The most notable architect at the time was Joseph Pierre Foucart, who designed many of the buildings in the table below. The city of Guthrie was founded in 1889 in the wake of the Land Rush of 1889 which opened lands of the Indian Territory to white settlement. Guthrie promptly became the capital of the Oklahoma Territory. When Oklahoma became a state on November 16, 1907, Guthrie became the first state capital, a role it held until 1910, when the seat of government moved to Oklahoma City. Guthrie thereafter declined in commercial importance and changed little for many years. The GHD was assessed to have a high degree of historic integrity.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural styles</h2><br>
<p>Late Victorian</p><br>
<p>Italianate</p><br>
<p>Romanesque</p><br>
<p>Late 19th & Early 20th Century Revivals</p><br>
<p>Beaux Arts</p><br>
<p>Classical Revival</p><br>
<p>Late 19th & Early 20th Century American Movements</p><br>
<p>Commercial Style</p><br>
<p>The district includes buildings separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including:</p><br>
<p>Carnegie Library</p><br>
<p>Co-operative Publishing Company Building</p><br>
<p>Logan County Courthouse</p><br>
<h3>Building classifications</h3><br>
<p>As part of the application process, all of the significant buildings within the proposed district boundaries were labeled as either "Contributing" or "non-contributing". Buildings in the former category had to meet the following criteria:</p><br>
<p>Built between 1893 and 1910</p><br>
<p>Had not lost their historical character through remodeling or conversion to other uses</p><br>
<p>The table presented here identifies the buildings contained by the GHD, as defined in the NRHP application. Data are largely derived from text descriptions in the application.</p><br>
<p>Principio Furnace and village is in Cecil County, Maryland, 4 miles  northeast of Havre de Grace.</p><br>
<p>The Principio Iron Works were started here in 1719 by Joseph Farmer with British capital and an ironmaster, John England. By the 1740s, it had become one of the most successful colonial ironworks, producing pig iron for sale in London. Later, Thomas Russell, Jr., England&#39;s successor, produced cannonballs for the Continental Army during the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The works were part of the (larger) Principio Company, whose other holdings included the Accokeek or Potomac Ironworks on the land of George Washington&#39;s father, Augustine Washington (north of Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia). This works was originally developed by the ironmaster England as a source of iron ore. As early as 1726, it may have included a cold blast charcoal furnace. Accokeek/Potomac served as the headquarters of the Principio Company until it was closed in the mid-1750s.</p><br>
<p>The Maryland works were burnt by British forces in 1813.</p><br>
<p>In 1836, the site and its ruined buildings were purchased by Joseph Whitaker, his brothers George P. Whitaker and Joseph Whitaker II, and partners Thomas Garrett (a prominent abolitionist) and William Chandler. The site still had water power; more importantly, it was crossed by the freshly laid tracks of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. Chandler was a director of the company. The investors rebuilt the iron works and resumed production, opening a new blast furnace in 1837 and other improvements over the decades.</p><br>
<p>A scene of the activity at the furnace, published by a lithographer from Philadelphia, shows two chimneys and wooden railings around their base level atop the two-story bloomery. Two insets depict the open-pit mines where workers load carts with ore.</p><br>
<p>Before the Civil War, the Whitakers divided their holdings geographically, with Joseph receiving the Pennsylvania properties and George Price the Maryland and Virginia ones. George Price Whitaker and his descendants continued to be involved in the iron and steel business; their holdings became part of the Wheeling Steel Company in 1921, and eventually of Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel.</p><br>
<p>The site produced iron until 1925.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, Principio Furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Part of the stone furnace still remains on the site.</p><br>
<p>St. Martins Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located on Route 113 at the intersection with Route 589 in Showell, Worcester County, Maryland. Much of the original Flemish bond brick structure is retained. Built as the first parish church of Worcester Parish, which had been established in 1753, it was started in 1756 and completed in 1759. Attendance dwindled after St. Pauls Episcopal Church was established in nearby Berlin in 1824, and by the end of the century the facility was used only sporadically.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s the facility was in serious disrepair. The St. Martinss Church Foundation was established in 1993 to organize its restoration, and now operates the building as St. Martins Episcopal Church Museum. The museum accurately preserves the original interior.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Martin&#39;s Church is a rectangular-plan Georgian styled church constructed of brick laid in Flemish bond with glazed headers. The church is oriented with the main entrance to the south, a secondary entrance to the west, and the communion table to the east. The south facade is three bays wide, with the central bay occupied by the doorway and a large transom which extends to the height of the neighboring windows. The east and north sides of the church each have two bays. The west facade features a central doorway surmounted by a window which opens into the gallery. All window and door openings, with the exception of the west door and window, are topped with jack arches with raised keystones executed in rubbed bricks.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is laid out in two aisles running east and west, with a gallery extending across the west end, accessed by a staircase in the southwest corner of the building. Centered on the north wall of the church is the pulpit, which is crowned with a simple sounding board. The communion table, positioned on a raised platform, is centered on the east wall of the church. Original brick pavers still cover the aisles. The entire nave is covered by a barrel vaulted ceiling.</p><br>
